使用Apache Tika，你只需要三行代码:

File file = new File("/path/to/file");
Tika tika = new Tika();
System.out.println(tika.detect(file));

如果你有一个groovy控制台，只需粘贴并运行以下代码即可:

@Grab('org.apache.tika:tika-core:1.14')
import org.apache.tika.Tika;

def tika = new Tika()
def file = new File("/path/to/file")
println tika.detect(file)

记住，它的api是丰富的，它可以解析“任何东西”。从tika-core 1.14开始，你有:

String  detect(byte[] prefix)
String  detect(byte[] prefix, String name)
String  detect(File file)
String  detect(InputStream stream)
String  detect(InputStream stream, Metadata metadata)
String  detect(InputStream stream, String name)
String  detect(Path path)
String  detect(String name)
String  detect(URL url)

有关更多信息，请参阅apidocs。

我只是想知道大多数人如何从Java文件中获取mime类型?

我已经发布了我的SimpleMagic Java包，它允许从文件和字节数组中确定内容类型(mime类型)。它被设计用来读取和运行Unix文件(1)命令魔法文件，这些文件是大多数~Unix操作系统配置的一部分。

我尝试了Apache Tika，但它很大，有大量的依赖关系，URLConnection不使用文件的字节，MimetypesFileTypeMap也只查看文件名。

使用SimpleMagic，你可以做以下事情:

// create a magic utility using the internal magic file
ContentInfoUtil util = new ContentInfoUtil();
// if you want to use a different config file(s), you can load them by hand:
// ContentInfoUtil util = new ContentInfoUtil("/etc/magic");
...
ContentInfo info = util.findMatch("/tmp/upload.tmp");
// or
ContentInfo info = util.findMatch(inputStream);
// or
ContentInfo info = util.findMatch(contentByteArray);

// null if no match
if (info != null) {
   String mimeType = info.getMimeType();
}

实际上，Apache Tika检测器Tika.detect(File)是最好的选择，比Files.probeContentType(path)更准确。

检查这个伟大的快速参考包含示例和代码示例。

检测文件Media Type1的解决方案包括以下部分:

文件签名列表(参见Kessler列表、Wikipedia列表和Space Maker列表) 媒体类型列表 媒体类型到文件扩展名的映射 将文件签名与文件、路径或InputStream数据源进行比较

如果你复制了代码，请记得给学分。

StreamMediaType.java

在下面的代码中，-1表示跳过该索引处的字节比较;-2表示文件类型签名的结束。它检测二进制格式，主要是图像和一些纯文本格式变体(HTML、SVG、XML)。代码最多使用数据源头部的前11个“神奇”字节。缩短逻辑的优化和改进是受欢迎的。

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import static com.keenwrite.io.MediaType.*;
import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;

public class StreamMediaType {
  private static final int FORMAT_LENGTH = 11;
  private static final int END_OF_DATA = -2;

  private static final Map<int[], MediaType> FORMAT = new LinkedHashMap<>();

  static {
    //@formatter:off
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x73, 0x76, 0x67, 0x20 ), IMAGE_SVG_XML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A ), IMAGE_PNG );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0 ), IMAGE_JPEG );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xEE ), IMAGE_JPEG );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE1, -1, -1, 0x45, 0x78, 0x69, 0x66, 0x00 ), IMAGE_JPEG );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x49, 0x49, 0x2A, 0x00 ), IMAGE_TIFF );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x4D, 0x4D, 0x00, 0x2A ), IMAGE_TIFF );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x47, 0x49, 0x46, 0x38 ), IMAGE_GIF );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x8A, 0x4D, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A ), VIDEO_MNG );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x25, 0x50, 0x44, 0x46, 0x2D, 0x31, 0x2E ), APP_PDF );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x38, 0x42, 0x50, 0x53, 0x00, 0x01 ), IMAGE_PHOTOSHOP );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x25, 0x21, 0x50, 0x53, 0x2D, 0x41, 0x64, 0x6F, 0x62, 0x65, 0x2D ), APP_EPS );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x25, 0x21, 0x50, 0x53 ), APP_PS );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xFF, 0xFB, 0x30 ), AUDIO_MP3 );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x49, 0x44, 0x33 ), AUDIO_MP3 );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x21 ), TEXT_HTML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x68, 0x74, 0x6D, 0x6C ), TEXT_HTML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x68, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64 ), TEXT_HTML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x62, 0x6F, 0x64, 0x79 ), TEXT_HTML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x48, 0x54, 0x4D, 0x4C ), TEXT_HTML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x48, 0x45, 0x41, 0x44 ), TEXT_HTML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x42, 0x4F, 0x44, 0x59 ), TEXT_HTML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x3C, 0x3F, 0x78, 0x6D, 0x6C, 0x20 ), TEXT_XML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xFE, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x78 ), TEXT_XML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xFF, 0xFE, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00 ), TEXT_XML );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x42, 0x4D ), IMAGE_BMP );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x23, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66 ), IMAGE_X_BITMAP );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x21, 0x20, 0x58, 0x50, 0x4D, 0x32 ), IMAGE_X_PIXMAP );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x2E, 0x73, 0x6E, 0x64 ), AUDIO_BASIC );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x64, 0x6E, 0x73, 0x2E ), AUDIO_BASIC );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x52, 0x49, 0x46, 0x46 ), AUDIO_WAV );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x50, 0x4B ), APP_ZIP );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0x41, 0x43, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 ), APP_ACAD );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE ), APP_JAVA );
    FORMAT.put( ints( 0xAC, 0xED ), APP_JAVA_OBJECT );
    //@formatter:on
  }

  private StreamMediaType() {
  }

  public static MediaType getMediaType( final Path path ) throws IOException {
    return getMediaType( path.toFile() );
  }

  public static MediaType getMediaType( final java.io.File file )
    throws IOException {
    try( final var fis = new FileInputStream( file ) ) {
      return getMediaType( fis );
    }
  }

  public static MediaType getMediaType( final InputStream is )
    throws IOException {
    final var input = new byte[ FORMAT_LENGTH ];
    final var count = is.read( input, 0, FORMAT_LENGTH );

    if( count > 1 ) {
      final var available = new byte[ count ];
      arraycopy( input, 0, available, 0, count );
      return getMediaType( available );
    }

    return UNDEFINED;
  }

  public static MediaType getMediaType( final byte[] data ) {
    assert data != null;

    final var source = new int[]{
      0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};

    for( int i = 0; i < source.length; i++ ) {
      source[ i ] = data[ i ] & 0xFF;
    }

    for( final var key : FORMAT.keySet() ) {
      int i = -1;
      boolean matches = true;

      while( ++i < FORMAT_LENGTH && key[ i ] != END_OF_DATA && matches ) {
        matches = key[ i ] == source[ i ] || key[ i ] == -1;
      }

      if( matches ) {
        return FORMAT.get( key );
      }
    }

    return UNDEFINED;
  }

  private static int[] ints( final int... data ) {
    final var magic = new int[ FORMAT_LENGTH ];
    int i = -1;
    while( ++i < data.length ) {
      magic[ i ] = data[ i ];
    }

    while( i < FORMAT_LENGTH ) {
      magic[ i++ ] = END_OF_DATA;
    }

    return magic;
  }
}

MediaType.java

根据IANA媒体类型列表定义文件格式。注意，文件扩展名映射在MediaTypeExtension中。Apache的FilenameUtils类依赖于它的getExtension函数。

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Path;

import static MediaType.TypeName.*;
import static MediaTypeExtension.getMediaType;
import static org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils.getExtension;

public enum MediaType {
  APP_ACAD( APPLICATION, "acad" ),
  APP_JAVA_OBJECT( APPLICATION, "x-java-serialized-object" ),
  APP_JAVA( APPLICATION, "java" ),
  APP_PS( APPLICATION, "postscript" ),
  APP_EPS( APPLICATION, "eps" ),
  APP_PDF( APPLICATION, "pdf" ),
  APP_ZIP( APPLICATION, "zip" ),
  FONT_OTF( "otf" ),
  FONT_TTF( "ttf" ),
  IMAGE_APNG( "apng" ),
  IMAGE_ACES( "aces" ),
  IMAGE_AVCI( "avci" ),
  IMAGE_AVCS( "avcs" ),
  IMAGE_BMP( "bmp" ),
  IMAGE_CGM( "cgm" ),
  IMAGE_DICOM_RLE( "dicom_rle" ),
  IMAGE_EMF( "emf" ),
  IMAGE_EXAMPLE( "example" ),
  IMAGE_FITS( "fits" ),
  IMAGE_G3FAX( "g3fax" ),
  IMAGE_GIF( "gif" ),
  IMAGE_HEIC( "heic" ),
  IMAGE_HEIF( "heif" ),
  IMAGE_HEJ2K( "hej2k" ),
  IMAGE_HSJ2( "hsj2" ),
  IMAGE_X_ICON( "x-icon" ),
  IMAGE_JLS( "jls" ),
  IMAGE_JP2( "jp2" ),
  IMAGE_JPEG( "jpeg" ),
  IMAGE_JPH( "jph" ),
  IMAGE_JPHC( "jphc" ),
  IMAGE_JPM( "jpm" ),
  IMAGE_JPX( "jpx" ),
  IMAGE_JXR( "jxr" ),
  IMAGE_JXRA( "jxrA" ),
  IMAGE_JXRS( "jxrS" ),
  IMAGE_JXS( "jxs" ),
  IMAGE_JXSC( "jxsc" ),
  IMAGE_JXSI( "jxsi" ),
  IMAGE_JXSS( "jxss" ),
  IMAGE_KTX( "ktx" ),
  IMAGE_KTX2( "ktx2" ),
  IMAGE_NAPLPS( "naplps" ),
  IMAGE_PNG( "png" ),
  IMAGE_PHOTOSHOP( "photoshop" ),
  IMAGE_SVG_XML( "svg+xml" ),
  IMAGE_T38( "t38" ),
  IMAGE_TIFF( "tiff" ),
  IMAGE_WEBP( "webp" ),
  IMAGE_WMF( "wmf" ),
  IMAGE_X_BITMAP( "x-xbitmap" ),
  IMAGE_X_PIXMAP( "x-xpixmap" ),
  AUDIO_BASIC( AUDIO, "basic" ),
  AUDIO_MP3( AUDIO, "mp3" ),
  AUDIO_WAV( AUDIO, "x-wav" ),
  VIDEO_MNG( VIDEO, "x-mng" ),
  TEXT_HTML( TEXT, "html" ),
  TEXT_MARKDOWN( TEXT, "markdown" ),
  TEXT_PLAIN( TEXT, "plain" ),
  TEXT_XHTML( TEXT, "xhtml+xml" ),
  TEXT_XML( TEXT, "xml" ),
  TEXT_YAML( TEXT, "yaml" ),

  /*
   * When all other lights go out.
   */
  UNDEFINED( TypeName.UNDEFINED, "undefined" );

  public enum TypeName {
    APPLICATION,
    AUDIO,
    IMAGE,
    TEXT,
    UNDEFINED,
    VIDEO
  }

  private final String mMediaType;
  private final TypeName mTypeName;
  private final String mSubtype;

  MediaType( final String subtype ) {
    this( IMAGE, subtype );
  }

  MediaType( final TypeName typeName, final String subtype ) {
    mTypeName = typeName;
    mSubtype = subtype;
    mMediaType = typeName.toString().toLowerCase() + '/' + subtype;
  }

  public static MediaType valueFrom( final File file ) {
    assert file != null;
    return fromFilename( file.getName() );
  }

  public static MediaType fromFilename( final String filename ) {
    assert filename != null;
    return getMediaType( getExtension( filename ) );
  }

  public static MediaType valueFrom( final Path path ) {
    assert path != null;
    return valueFrom( path.toFile() );
  }

  public static MediaType valueFrom( String contentType ) {
    if( contentType == null || contentType.isBlank() ) {
      return UNDEFINED;
    }

    var i = contentType.indexOf( ';' );
    contentType = contentType.substring(
      0, i == -1 ? contentType.length() : i );

    i = contentType.indexOf( '/' );
    i = i == -1 ? contentType.length() : i;
    final var type = contentType.substring( 0, i );
    final var subtype = contentType.substring( i + 1 );

    return valueFrom( type, subtype );
  }

  public static MediaType valueFrom(
    final String type, final String subtype ) {
    assert type != null;
    assert subtype != null;

    for( final var mediaType : values() ) {
      if( mediaType.equals( type, subtype ) ) {
        return mediaType;
      }
    }

    return UNDEFINED;
  }

  public boolean equals( final String type, final String subtype ) {
    assert type != null;
    assert subtype != null;

    return mTypeName.name().equalsIgnoreCase( type ) &&
      mSubtype.equalsIgnoreCase( subtype );
  }

  public boolean isType( final TypeName typeName ) {
    return mTypeName == typeName;
  }

  public String getSubtype() {
    return mSubtype;
  }
   
  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return mMediaType;
  }
}

MediaTypeExtension.java

谜题的最后一部分是MediaTypes到其已知和常见/流行的文件扩展名的映射。这允许基于文件扩展名的双向查找。

import static MediaType.*;
import static java.util.List.of;

public enum MediaTypeExtension {
  MEDIA_APP_ACAD( APP_ACAD, of( "dwg" ) ),
  MEDIA_APP_PDF( APP_PDF ),
  MEDIA_APP_PS( APP_PS, of( "ps" ) ),
  MEDIA_APP_EPS( APP_EPS ),
  MEDIA_APP_ZIP( APP_ZIP ),

  MEDIA_AUDIO_MP3( AUDIO_MP3 ),
  MEDIA_AUDIO_BASIC( AUDIO_BASIC, of( "au" ) ),
  MEDIA_AUDIO_WAV( AUDIO_WAV, of( "wav" ) ),

  MEDIA_FONT_OTF( FONT_OTF ),
  MEDIA_FONT_TTF( FONT_TTF ),

  MEDIA_IMAGE_APNG( IMAGE_APNG ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_BMP( IMAGE_BMP ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_GIF( IMAGE_GIF ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_JPEG( IMAGE_JPEG,
                    of( "jpg", "jpe", "jpeg", "jfif", "pjpeg", "pjp" ) ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_PNG( IMAGE_PNG ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_PSD( IMAGE_PHOTOSHOP, of( "psd" ) ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_SVG( IMAGE_SVG_XML, of( "svg" ) ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_TIFF( IMAGE_TIFF, of( "tiff", "tif" ) ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_WEBP( IMAGE_WEBP ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_X_BITMAP( IMAGE_X_BITMAP, of( "xbm" ) ),
  MEDIA_IMAGE_X_PIXMAP( IMAGE_X_PIXMAP, of( "xpm" ) ),

  MEDIA_VIDEO_MNG( VIDEO_MNG, of( "mng" ) ),

  MEDIA_TEXT_MARKDOWN( TEXT_MARKDOWN, of(
    "md", "markdown", "mdown", "mdtxt", "mdtext", "mdwn", "mkd", "mkdown",
    "mkdn" ) ),
  MEDIA_TEXT_PLAIN( TEXT_PLAIN, of( "txt", "asc", "ascii", "text", "utxt" ) ),
  MEDIA_TEXT_R_MARKDOWN( TEXT_R_MARKDOWN, of( "Rmd" ) ),
  MEDIA_TEXT_R_XML( TEXT_R_XML, of( "Rxml" ) ),
  MEDIA_TEXT_XHTML( TEXT_XHTML, of( "xhtml" ) ),
  MEDIA_TEXT_XML( TEXT_XML ),
  MEDIA_TEXT_YAML( TEXT_YAML, of( "yaml", "yml" ) ),

  MEDIA_UNDEFINED( UNDEFINED, of( "undefined" ) );

  private final MediaType mMediaType;
  private final List<String> mExtensions;

  MediaTypeExtension( final MediaType mediaType ) {
    this( mediaType, of( mediaType.getSubtype() ) );
  }

  MediaTypeExtension(
    final MediaType mediaType, final List<String> extensions ) {
    assert mediaType != null;
    assert extensions != null;
    assert !extensions.isEmpty();

    mMediaType = mediaType;
    mExtensions = extensions;
  }

  public String getExtension() {
    return mExtensions.get( 0 );
  }

  public static MediaTypeExtension valueFrom( final MediaType mediaType ) {
    for( final var type : values() ) {
      if( type.isMediaType( mediaType ) ) {
        return type;
      }
    }

    return MEDIA_UNDEFINED;
  }

  boolean isMediaType( final MediaType mediaType ) {
    return mMediaType == mediaType;
  }

  static MediaType getMediaType( final String extension ) {
    final var sanitized = sanitize( extension );

    for( final var mediaType : MediaTypeExtension.values() ) {
      if( mediaType.isType( sanitized ) ) {
        return mediaType.getMediaType();
      }
    }

    return UNDEFINED;
  }

  private boolean isType( final String sanitized ) {
    for( final var extension : mExtensions ) {
      if( extension.equalsIgnoreCase( sanitized ) ) {
        return true;
      }
    }

    return false;
  }

  private static String sanitize( final String extension ) {
    return extension == null ? "" : extension.toLowerCase();
  }

  private MediaType getMediaType() {
    return mMediaType;
  }
}

---

Usages:

// EXAMPLE -- Detect media type
//
final File image = new File( "filename.jpg" );
final MediaType mt = StreamMediaType.getMediaType( image );

// Tricky! The JPG could be a PNG in disguise.
if( mt.isType( MediaType.TypeName.IMAGE ) ) {

  if( mt == MediaType.IMAGE_PNG ) {
    // Nice try! Sneaky sneak.
  }
}

// EXAMPLE -- Get typical media type file name extension
//
final String ext = MediaTypeExtension.valueFrom( MediaType.IMAGE_SVG_XML ).getExtension();

// EXAMPLE -- Get media type from HTTP request
//
final var url = new URL( "https://localhost/path/file.ext" );
final var conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
final var contentType = conn.getContentType();
MediaType mediaType = valueFrom( contentType );

// Fall back to stream detection probe
if( mediaType == UNDEFINED ) {
  mediaType = StreamMediaType.getMediaType( conn.getInputStream() );
}

conn.disconnect();

你懂的。

---

简短的图书馆回顾:

Apache Tika——600kb的膨胀，需要多行配置和多个JAR文件。 jMimeMagic—未完成，需要多行配置。 MimeUtil2——相当大，不能开箱即用。 filettypedetector——与JDK捆绑在一起，比山松甲虫出没的森林还要多。 文件。probeContentType——检测是特定于平台的，被认为是不可靠的(来源)。 MimetypesFileTypeMap——与activation.jar绑定，使用文件扩展名。

---

用于测试的音频、视频和图像文件示例:

http://mirrors.standaloneinstaller.com/video-sample/ https://www.w3.org/People/mimasa/test/imgformat/

---

注意，几乎所有XML文档的开头都是一样的:

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>

由于SVG文档是XML文档，许多SVG文档将包含XML声明，并且可能还包含:

<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/svg10.dtd">

可以通过将神奇的字节从11改为13来检测SVG文档类型。不过，doctype不是必需的，这意味着SVG文档也可以在XML声明之后开始，如下所示:

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">

这意味着，在使用此代码检测SVG文件格式时要谨慎，因为它不可靠。相反，应该考虑使用HTTP内容类型或文件扩展名。

更复杂的问题是，可以在<svg标记之前插入任意长度的注释，这使得检测更加困难。

---

“MIME类型”是一个已弃用的术语。

在尝试了其他各种库之后，我最终选择了mime-util。

<groupId>eu.medsea.mimeutil</groupId>
      <artifactId>mime-util</artifactId>
      <version>2.1.3</version>
</dependency>

File file = new File("D:/test.tif");
MimeUtil.registerMimeDetector("eu.medsea.mimeutil.detector.MagicMimeMimeDetector");
Collection<?> mimeTypes = MimeUtil.getMimeTypes(file);
System.out.println(mimeTypes);

如果你正在使用Servlet并且Servlet上下文对你可用，你可以使用:

getServletContext().getMimeType( fileName );