在无意中看到这里的讨论之前，我运行了这个测试。然而，在运行它之后，我想我至少会发布我的结果。

我剽窃了Jeff Friedl的“精通正则表达式”中的例子。这是在一台运行OSX 10.6 (2Ghz英特尔酷睿2双核，4GB内存)的macbook上。Python版本为2.6.1。

运行1 -使用re.compile

import re 
import time 
import fpformat
Regex1 = re.compile('^(a|b|c|d|e|f|g)+$') 
Regex2 = re.compile('^[a-g]+$')
TimesToDo = 1000
TestString = "" 
for i in range(1000):
    TestString += "abababdedfg"
StartTime = time.time() 
for i in range(TimesToDo):
    Regex1.search(TestString) 
Seconds = time.time() - StartTime 
print "Alternation takes " + fpformat.fix(Seconds,3) + " seconds"

StartTime = time.time() 
for i in range(TimesToDo):
    Regex2.search(TestString) 
Seconds = time.time() - StartTime 
print "Character Class takes " + fpformat.fix(Seconds,3) + " seconds"

Alternation takes 2.299 seconds
Character Class takes 0.107 seconds

运行2 -不使用re.compile

import re 
import time 
import fpformat

TimesToDo = 1000
TestString = "" 
for i in range(1000):
    TestString += "abababdedfg"
StartTime = time.time() 
for i in range(TimesToDo):
    re.search('^(a|b|c|d|e|f|g)+$',TestString) 
Seconds = time.time() - StartTime 
print "Alternation takes " + fpformat.fix(Seconds,3) + " seconds"

StartTime = time.time() 
for i in range(TimesToDo):
    re.search('^[a-g]+$',TestString) 
Seconds = time.time() - StartTime 
print "Character Class takes " + fpformat.fix(Seconds,3) + " seconds"

Alternation takes 2.508 seconds
Character Class takes 0.109 seconds

我想说的是，预编译在概念上和“字面上”(如在“文学编程”中)都是有利的。看看这段代码片段:

from re import compile as _Re

class TYPO:

  def text_has_foobar( self, text ):
    return self._text_has_foobar_re_search( text ) is not None
  _text_has_foobar_re_search = _Re( r"""(?i)foobar""" ).search

TYPO = TYPO()

在你的应用程序中，你可以这样写:

from TYPO import TYPO
print( TYPO.text_has_foobar( 'FOObar ) )

this is about as simple in terms of functionality as it can get. because this is example is so short, i conflated the way to get _text_has_foobar_re_search all in one line. the disadvantage of this code is that it occupies a little memory for whatever the lifetime of the TYPO library object is; the advantage is that when doing a foobar search, you'll get away with two function calls and two class dictionary lookups. how many regexes are cached by re and the overhead of that cache are irrelevant here.

将其与更常见的风格进行比较，如下所示:

import re

class Typo:

  def text_has_foobar( self, text ):
    return re.compile( r"""(?i)foobar""" ).search( text ) is not None

在应用中:

typo = Typo()
print( typo.text_has_foobar( 'FOObar ) )

我很乐意承认我的风格在python中是非常不寻常的，甚至可能是有争议的。然而，在更接近python的使用方式的示例中，为了进行一次匹配，我们必须实例化一个对象，进行三次实例字典查找，并执行三次函数调用;此外，当使用超过100个正则表达式时，我们可能会遇到重新缓存的麻烦。此外，正则表达式被隐藏在方法体中，这在大多数情况下并不是一个好主意。

可以说，每一个措施的子集——有针对性的，别名的import语句;别名方法(如适用);减少函数调用和对象字典查找——可以帮助减少计算和概念的复杂性。

我自己刚试过。对于从字符串中解析数字并对其求和的简单情况，使用编译后的正则表达式对象的速度大约是使用re方法的两倍。

正如其他人指出的那样，re方法(包括re.compile)在以前编译的表达式缓存中查找正则表达式字符串。因此，在正常情况下，使用re方法的额外成本只是缓存查找的成本。

然而，检查代码，缓存被限制为100个表达式。这就引出了一个问题，缓存溢出有多痛苦?该代码包含正则表达式编译器的内部接口re.sre_compile.compile。如果我们调用它，就绕过了缓存。结果表明，对于一个基本的正则表达式，例如r'\w+\s+([0-9_]+)\s+\w*'，它要慢两个数量级。

下面是我的测试:

#!/usr/bin/env python
import re
import time

def timed(func):
    def wrapper(*args):
        t = time.time()
        result = func(*args)
        t = time.time() - t
        print '%s took %.3f seconds.' % (func.func_name, t)
        return result
    return wrapper

regularExpression = r'\w+\s+([0-9_]+)\s+\w*'
testString = "average    2 never"

@timed
def noncompiled():
    a = 0
    for x in xrange(1000000):
        m = re.match(regularExpression, testString)
        a += int(m.group(1))
    return a

@timed
def compiled():
    a = 0
    rgx = re.compile(regularExpression)
    for x in xrange(1000000):
        m = rgx.match(testString)
        a += int(m.group(1))
    return a

@timed
def reallyCompiled():
    a = 0
    rgx = re.sre_compile.compile(regularExpression)
    for x in xrange(1000000):
        m = rgx.match(testString)
        a += int(m.group(1))
    return a


@timed
def compiledInLoop():
    a = 0
    for x in xrange(1000000):
        rgx = re.compile(regularExpression)
        m = rgx.match(testString)
        a += int(m.group(1))
    return a

@timed
def reallyCompiledInLoop():
    a = 0
    for x in xrange(10000):
        rgx = re.sre_compile.compile(regularExpression)
        m = rgx.match(testString)
        a += int(m.group(1))
    return a

r1 = noncompiled()
r2 = compiled()
r3 = reallyCompiled()
r4 = compiledInLoop()
r5 = reallyCompiledInLoop()
print "r1 = ", r1
print "r2 = ", r2
print "r3 = ", r3
print "r4 = ", r4
print "r5 = ", r5
</pre>
And here is the output on my machine:
<pre>
$ regexTest.py 
noncompiled took 4.555 seconds.
compiled took 2.323 seconds.
reallyCompiled took 2.325 seconds.
compiledInLoop took 4.620 seconds.
reallyCompiledInLoop took 4.074 seconds.
r1 =  2000000
r2 =  2000000
r3 =  2000000
r4 =  2000000
r5 =  20000

'reallyCompiled'方法使用内部接口，绕过缓存。注意，在每个循环迭代中编译的代码只迭代了10,000次，而不是一百万次。

Ubuntu 22.04:

$ python --version
Python 3.10.6

$ for x in 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000; do python -m timeit -n $x -s 'import re' 're.match("[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}", "123-123-1234")'; done
1 loop, best of 5: 972 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (186 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (972 nsec).
10 loops, best of 5: 819 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (13.9 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (819 nsec).
100 loops, best of 5: 763 nsec per loop
1000 loops, best of 5: 699 nsec per loop
10000 loops, best of 5: 653 nsec per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 655 nsec per loop
1000000 loops, best of 5: 656 nsec per loop

$ for x in 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000; do python -m timeit -n $x -s 'import re' 'r = re.compile("[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}")' 'r.match("123-123-1234")'; done
1 loop, best of 5: 985 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (134 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (985 nsec).
10 loops, best of 5: 775 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (13.9 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (775 nsec).
100 loops, best of 5: 756 nsec per loop
1000 loops, best of 5: 701 nsec per loop
10000 loops, best of 5: 704 nsec per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 654 nsec per loop
1000000 loops, best of 5: 651 nsec per loop

我同意诚实的亚伯，所给例子中的匹配(…)是不同的。他们不是一对一的比较，因此，结果是不同的。为了简化我的回答，我用A, B, C, D来表示这些函数。哦，是的，我们在re.py中处理的是4个函数而不是3个。

运行这段代码:

h = re.compile('hello')                   # (A)
h.match('hello world')                    # (B)

与运行此代码相同:

re.match('hello', 'hello world')          # (C)

因为，当查看源代码re.py时，(A + B)意味着:

h = re._compile('hello')                  # (D)
h.match('hello world')

(C)实际上是:

re._compile('hello').match('hello world')

因此，(C)与(B)并不相同，实际上(C)在调用(D)之后调用(B)， (D)也被(A)调用，换句话说，(C) = (A) + (B)，因此，在循环中比较(A + B)与在循环中比较(C)的结果相同。

George的regexTest.py为我们证明了这一点。

noncompiled took 4.555 seconds.           # (C) in a loop
compiledInLoop took 4.620 seconds.        # (A + B) in a loop
compiled took 2.323 seconds.              # (A) once + (B) in a loop

大家的兴趣是，如何得到2.323秒的结果。为了确保compile(…)只被调用一次，我们需要将编译后的regex对象存储在内存中。如果使用类，则可以存储对象，并在每次调用函数时重用该对象。

class Foo:
    regex = re.compile('hello')
    def my_function(text)
        return regex.match(text)

如果我们不使用类(这是我今天的要求)，那么我没有评论。我还在学习如何在Python中使用全局变量，我知道全局变量不是什么好东西。

还有一点，我认为使用(A) + (B)的方法有优势。以下是我观察到的一些事实(如果我错了，请指正):

Calls A once, it will do one search in the _cache followed by one sre_compile.compile() to create a regex object. Calls A twice, it will do two searches and one compile (because the regex object is cached). If the _cache gets flushed in between, then the regex object is released from memory and Python needs to compile again. (someone suggests that Python won't recompile.) If we keep the regex object by using (A), the regex object will still get into _cache and get flushed somehow. But our code keeps a reference on it and the regex object will not be released from memory. Those, Python need not to compile again. The 2 seconds difference in George's test compiled loop vs compiled is mainly the time required to build the key and search the _cache. It doesn't mean the compile time of regex. George's reallycompile test show what happens if it really re-do the compile every time: it will be 100x slower (he reduced the loop from 1,000,000 to 10,000).

以下是(A + B)比(C)更好的情况:

如果可以在类中缓存regex对象的引用。 如果需要重复调用(B)(在循环内或多次)，则必须在循环外缓存对regex对象的引用。

如果(C)足够好:

不能缓存引用。 我们只是偶尔用一次。 总的来说，我们没有太多的正则表达式(假设编译后的正则表达式永远不会被刷新)

简单回顾一下，以下是abc:

h = re.compile('hello')                   # (A)
h.match('hello world')                    # (B)
re.match('hello', 'hello world')          # (C)

感谢阅读。

根据Python文档:

序列

prog = re.compile(pattern)
result = prog.match(string)

等于

result = re.match(pattern, string)

但是，当表达式将在一个程序中多次使用时，使用re.compile()并保存生成的正则表达式对象以供重用会更有效。

所以我的结论是，如果你要为许多不同的文本匹配相同的模式，你最好预编译它。