我查看了LinkedList的Java代码,注意到它使用了一个静态嵌套类Entry。

public class LinkedList<E> ... {
...

 private static class Entry<E> { ... }

}

为什么要使用静态嵌套类,而不是普通的内部类?

我能想到的唯一原因是,Entry不能访问实例变量,所以从OOP的角度来看,它有更好的封装。

但我想可能还有其他原因,可能是表现。可能是什么?

请注意。我希望我的术语是正确的,我将它称为静态内部类,但我认为这是错误的:http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/nested.html


当前回答

从http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/whentouse.html:

如果需要访问,请使用非静态嵌套类(或内部类) 到封闭实例的非公共字段和方法。使用静电 嵌套类,如果您不需要此访问。

其他回答

我不知道性能上的差异,但正如你所说,静态嵌套类不是外围类实例的一部分。创建一个静态嵌套类似乎更简单,除非你真的需要它是一个内部类。

这有点像为什么在Java中我总是让我的变量是final的——如果它们不是final的,我知道它们有一些有趣的事情发生了。如果使用内部类而不是静态嵌套类,应该有一个很好的理由。

你链接到的Sun页面在这两者之间有一些关键的区别:

A nested class is a member of its enclosing class. Non-static nested classes (inner classes) have access to other members of the enclosing class, even if they are declared private. Static nested classes do not have access to other members of the enclosing class. ... Note: A static nested class interacts with the instance members of its outer class (and other classes) just like any other top-level class. In effect, a static nested class is behaviorally a top-level class that has been nested in another top-level class for packaging convenience.

不需要LinkedList。Entry是顶级类,因为它只被LinkedList使用(还有一些其他接口也有名为Entry的静态嵌套类,例如Map。入口-相同的概念)。因为它不需要访问LinkedList的成员,所以它是静态的是有意义的——这是一种更简洁的方法。

正如Jon Skeet所指出的,我认为如果你正在使用一个嵌套类,最好从它是静态的开始,然后根据你的使用情况决定它是否真的需要是非静态的。

首先,非静态内部类有一个额外的隐藏字段,指向外部类的实例。因此,如果Entry类不是静态的,那么除了拥有它不需要的访问之外,它将携带四个而不是三个指针。

作为一个规则,我想说,如果你定义了一个类,基本上是作为数据成员的集合,就像C中的“struct”,考虑让它静态。

简单的例子:

package test;

public class UpperClass {
public static class StaticInnerClass {}

public class InnerClass {}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    // works
    StaticInnerClass stat = new StaticInnerClass();
    // doesn't compile
    InnerClass inner = new InnerClass();
}
}

如果是非静态的,类不能被实例化,除非在上层类的实例中(所以在main是静态函数的例子中就不是这样)

JVM knows no nested classes. Nesting is just syntactic sugar. Below images shows Java file: Below images show class files representation of the java file : Notice that 2 class files are generated, one for parent and another for nested class. Non-static nested class' objects have access to the enclosing scope. That access to the enclosing scope is maintained by holding an implicit reference of the enclosing scope object in the nested object Nested class is a way to represent the intent that the nested class type represents a component of the parent class. public class Message { private MessageType messageType; // component of parent class public enum MessageType { SENT, RECEIVE; } } class Otherclass { public boolean isSent(Message message) { if (message.getMessageType() == MessageType.SENT) { // accessible at other places as well return true; } return false; } } private static nested class represents Point#3 & the fact the nested type can only be the subcomponent to the parent class. It can't be used separately. public class Message { private Content content; // Component of message class private static class Content { // can only be a component of message class private String body; private int sentBy; public String getBody() { return body; } public int getSentBy() { return sentBy; } } } class Message2 { private Message.Content content; // Not possible } More details here.