typescript v4.6，下面是一个基于Tomasz Gawel回答的超短版本

type Tuple<
  T,
  N extends number,
  R extends readonly T[] = [],
> = R['length'] extends N ? R : Tuple<T, N, readonly [T, ...R]>;

// usage
const x: Tuple<number,3> = [1,2,3];
x; // resolves as [number, number, number]
x[0]; // resolves as number

还有其他方法施加length属性的值，但不是很漂亮

// TLDR, don't do this
type Tuple<T, N> = { length: N } & readonly T[];
const x : Tuple<number,3> = [1,2,3]

x; // resolves as { length: 3 } | number[], which is kinda messy
x[0]; // resolves as number | undefined, which is incorrect

这有点晚了，但如果您使用只读数组([]作为const)，这里有一种方法

interface FixedLengthArray<L extends number, T> extends ArrayLike<T> {
  length: L
}

export const a: FixedLengthArray<2, string> = ['we', '432'] as const

在const值中添加或删除字符串将导致此错误-

Type 'readonly ["we", "432", "fd"]' is not assignable to type 'FixedLengthArray<2, string>'.
  Types of property 'length' are incompatible.
    Type '3' is not assignable to type '2'.ts(2322)

OR

Type 'readonly ["we"]' is not assignable to type 'FixedLengthArray<2, string>'.
  Types of property 'length' are incompatible.
    Type '1' is not assignable to type '2'.ts(2322)

分别。

编辑(05/13/2022):相关的未来TS功能-满足这里的定义

JavaScript数组有一个接受数组长度的构造函数:

let arr = new Array<number>(3);
console.log(arr); // [undefined × 3]

然而，这只是初始大小，没有任何限制可以更改:

arr.push(5);
console.log(arr); // [undefined × 3, 5]

TypeScript有元组类型，它允许你定义一个具有特定长度和类型的数组:

let arr: [number, number, number];

arr = [1, 2, 3]; // ok
arr = [1, 2]; // Type '[number, number]' is not assignable to type '[number, number, number]'
arr = [1, 2, "3"]; // Type '[number, number, string]' is not assignable to type '[number, number, number]'

元组方法:

该解决方案提供了一个严格的FixedLengthArray (aka .a。基于元组的SealedArray类型签名。

语法示例:

// Array containing 3 strings
let foo : FixedLengthArray<[string, string, string]> 

这是最安全的方法，因为它可以防止在边界之外访问索引。

实现:

type ArrayLengthMutationKeys = 'splice' | 'push' | 'pop' | 'shift' | 'unshift' | number
type ArrayItems<T extends Array<any>> = T extends Array<infer TItems> ? TItems : never
type FixedLengthArray<T extends any[]> =
  Pick<T, Exclude<keyof T, ArrayLengthMutationKeys>>
  & { [Symbol.iterator]: () => IterableIterator< ArrayItems<T> > }

测试:

var myFixedLengthArray: FixedLengthArray< [string, string, string]>

// Array declaration tests
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]  // ✅ OK
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a', 'b', 123 ]  // ✅ TYPE ERROR
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a' ]            // ✅ LENGTH ERROR
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a', 'b' ]       // ✅ LENGTH ERROR

// Index assignment tests 
myFixedLengthArray[1] = 'foo'           // ✅ OK
myFixedLengthArray[1000] = 'foo'        // ✅ INVALID INDEX ERROR

// Methods that mutate array length
myFixedLengthArray.push('foo')          // ✅ MISSING METHOD ERROR
myFixedLengthArray.pop()                // ✅ MISSING METHOD ERROR

// Direct length manipulation
myFixedLengthArray.length = 123         // ✅ READ-ONLY ERROR

// Destructuring
var [ a ] = myFixedLengthArray          // ✅ OK
var [ a, b ] = myFixedLengthArray       // ✅ OK
var [ a, b, c ] = myFixedLengthArray    // ✅ OK
var [ a, b, c, d ] = myFixedLengthArray // ✅ INVALID INDEX ERROR

(*)此解决方案需要启用noImplicitAny typescript配置指令才能工作(通常推荐的做法)

数组(ish)方法:

此解决方案充当Array类型的扩充，接受额外的第二个参数(Array length)。不像基于元组的解决方案那样严格和安全。

语法示例:

let foo: FixedLengthArray<string, 3> 

请记住，这种方法不会阻止您在声明的边界之外访问索引并在其上设置值。

实现:

type ArrayLengthMutationKeys = 'splice' | 'push' | 'pop' | 'shift' |  'unshift'
type FixedLengthArray<T, L extends number, TObj = [T, ...Array<T>]> =
  Pick<TObj, Exclude<keyof TObj, ArrayLengthMutationKeys>>
  & {
    readonly length: L 
    [ I : number ] : T
    [Symbol.iterator]: () => IterableIterator<T>   
  }

测试:

var myFixedLengthArray: FixedLengthArray<string,3>

// Array declaration tests
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]  // ✅ OK
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a', 'b', 123 ]  // ✅ TYPE ERROR
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a' ]            // ✅ LENGTH ERROR
myFixedLengthArray = [ 'a', 'b' ]       // ✅ LENGTH ERROR

// Index assignment tests 
myFixedLengthArray[1] = 'foo'           // ✅ OK
myFixedLengthArray[1000] = 'foo'        // ❌ SHOULD FAIL

// Methods that mutate array length
myFixedLengthArray.push('foo')          // ✅ MISSING METHOD ERROR
myFixedLengthArray.pop()                // ✅ MISSING METHOD ERROR

// Direct length manipulation
myFixedLengthArray.length = 123         // ✅ READ-ONLY ERROR

// Destructuring
var [ a ] = myFixedLengthArray          // ✅ OK
var [ a, b ] = myFixedLengthArray       // ✅ OK
var [ a, b, c ] = myFixedLengthArray    // ✅ OK
var [ a, b, c, d ] = myFixedLengthArray // ❌ SHOULD FAIL

对于任何需要比@ThomasVo的正确处理非文字数字的更通用的解决方案的人:

type LengthArray<
        T,
        N extends number,
        R extends T[] = []
    > = number extends N
        ? T[]
        : R['length'] extends N
        ? R
        : LengthArray<T, N, [T, ...R]>;

我需要使用这种类型来正确地处理未知长度的数组。

type FixedLength = LengthArray<string, 3>; // [string, string, string]
type UnknownLength = LengthArray<string, number>; // string[] (instead of [])

typescript v4.6，下面是一个基于Tomasz Gawel回答的超短版本

type Tuple<
  T,
  N extends number,
  R extends readonly T[] = [],
> = R['length'] extends N ? R : Tuple<T, N, readonly [T, ...R]>;

// usage
const x: Tuple<number,3> = [1,2,3];
x; // resolves as [number, number, number]
x[0]; // resolves as number

还有其他方法施加length属性的值，但不是很漂亮

// TLDR, don't do this
type Tuple<T, N> = { length: N } & readonly T[];
const x : Tuple<number,3> = [1,2,3]

x; // resolves as { length: 3 } | number[], which is kinda messy
x[0]; // resolves as number | undefined, which is incorrect