还可以为通用属性使用抽象类，而不是接口，以防止某人意外实现该接口。

abstract class BaseMessage {
  timestamp?: number;
  /* more general properties here */
  constructor(timestamp?: number) {
    this.timestamp = timestamp;
    /* etc. for other general properties */
  }
}
interface IMessageWithText extends BaseMessage {
  text: string;
  attachment?: never;
}
interface IMessageWithAttachment extends BaseMessage {
  text?: never;
  attachment: string;
}
type Message = IMessageWithText | IMessageWithAttachment;

简单的“二选一”的例子:

type Props =
  | { factor: Factor; ratings?: never }
  | { ratings: Rating[]; factor?: never }

您可以为所需的条件创建一些接口，并将它们以如下类型连接起来:

interface SolidPart {
    name: string;
    surname: string;
    action: 'add' | 'edit' | 'delete';
    id?: number;
}
interface WithId {
    action: 'edit' | 'delete';
    id: number;
}
interface WithoutId {
    action: 'add';
    id?: number;
}

export type Entity = SolidPart & (WithId | WithoutId);

const item: Entity = { // valid
    name: 'John',
    surname: 'Doe',
    action: 'add'
}
const item: Entity = { // not valid, id required for action === 'edit'
    name: 'John',
    surname: 'Doe',
    action: 'edit'
}

不使用扩展

使用这里描述的XOR: https://stackoverflow.com/a/53229567/8954109

// Create a type that requires properties `a` and `z`, and one of `b` or `c`
type Without<T, U> = { [P in Exclude<keyof T, keyof U>]?: never };
type XOR<T, U> = (T | U) extends object ? (Without<T, U> & U) | (Without<U, T> & T) : T | U;

interface Az {
  a: number;
  z: number;
}

interface B {
  b: number;
}

interface C {
  c: number;
}

type XorBC = XOR<B, C>;
type AndAzXorBC = Az & XorBC;
type MyData = AndAzXorBC;

const ok1: MyData = { a: 0, z: 1, b: 2 };
const ok2: MyData = { a: 0, z: 1, c: 2 };
const badBothBC: MyData = {
  a: 0, z: 1,
  b: 2,
  c: 3
};
const badNoBC: MyData = { a: 0, z: 1 };
const badNoZ: MyData = { a: 0, b: 2 };

对无效类型产生以下错误:

src/App.tsx:30:7 - error TS2322: Type '{ a: number; z: number; b: number; c: number; }' is not assignable to type 'AndAzXorBC'.
  Type '{ a: number; z: number; b: number; c: number; }' is not assignable to type 'Az & Without<C, B> & B'.
    Type '{ a: number; z: number; b: number; c: number; }' is not assignable to type 'Without<C, B>'.
      Types of property 'c' are incompatible.
        Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'undefined'.

30 const badBothBC: MyData = {

src/App.tsx:35:7 - error TS2322: Type '{ a: number; z: number; }' is not assignable to type 'AndAzXorBC'.
  Type '{ a: number; z: number; }' is not assignable to type 'Az & Without<C, B> & B'.
    Property 'b' is missing in type '{ a: number; z: number; }' but required in type 'B'.

35 const badNoBC: MyData = { a: 0, z: 1 };
         ~~~~~~~

  src/App.tsx:17:3
    17   b: number;
         ~
    'b' is declared here.

src/App.tsx:36:7 - error TS2322: Type '{ a: number; b: number; }' is not assignable to type 'AndAzXorBC'.
  Type '{ a: number; b: number; }' is not assignable to type 'Az & Without<C, B> & B'.
    Property 'z' is missing in type '{ a: number; b: number; }' but required in type 'Az'.

36 const badNoZ: MyData = { a: 0, b: 2 };
         ~~~~~~

  src/App.tsx:13:3
    13   z: number;
         ~
    'z' is declared here.

我在为我的案例寻找答案时偶然发现了这个线索(要么是propA，要么是prob，要么都不是)。Ryan Fujiwara的回答几乎做到了，但我已经丢失了一些支票。

我的解决方案:

interface Base {   
  baseProp: string; 
}

interface ComponentWithPropA extends Base {
  propA: string;
  propB?: never;
}

interface ComponentWithPropB extends Base {
  propB: string;
  propA?: never;
} 

interface ComponentWithoutProps extends Base {
  propA?: never;
  propB?: never;
}

type ComponentProps = ComponentWithPropA | ComponentWithPropB | ComponentWithoutProps;

这个解决方案使所有检查保持原样。也许有人会发现这很有用:)

你可以使用联合类型来做到这一点:

interface MessageBasics {
  timestamp?: number;
  /* more general properties here */
}
interface MessageWithText extends MessageBasics {
  text: string;
}
interface MessageWithAttachment extends MessageBasics {
  attachment: Attachment;
}
type Message = MessageWithText | MessageWithAttachment;

如果你想同时允许文本和附件，你可以这样写

type Message = MessageWithText | MessageWithAttachment | (MessageWithText & MessageWithAttachment);