我一直严重依赖CSS的一个网站,我正在工作。现在,所有的CSS样式都是在每个标签的基础上应用的,所以现在我试图将它移动到更多的外部样式,以帮助任何未来的变化。

但现在的问题是,我已经注意到我得到了一个“CSS爆炸”。我很难决定如何在CSS文件中最好地组织和抽象数据。

我在网站中使用了大量的div标签,从一个基于表格的网站。我得到了很多这样的CSS选择器:

div.title {
  background-color: blue;
  color: white;
  text-align: center;
}

div.footer {
  /* Styles Here */
}

div.body {
  /* Styles Here */
}

/* And many more */

这还不算太糟,但由于我是初学者,我想知道是否可以就如何最好地组织CSS文件的各个部分提出建议。我不想在我的网站上的每个元素都有一个单独的CSS属性,我总是希望CSS文件是相当直观和易于阅读的。

我的最终目标是使它易于使用CSS文件,并证明他们的力量,以提高web开发的速度。这样,将来可能在这个网站上工作的其他人也将开始使用良好的编码实践,而不必像我一样学习。


当前回答

看一看 1. 萨斯 2. 指南针

其他回答

我建议你看看“指南针风格”CSS框架。

我已经使用级联样式表(CSS)超过20年了。所以下面是我的解决方案来帮助你:

ALWAYS use External CSS via a <link> tag. External CSS is far superior to "embedded" <style> and "inline" element styles <span style="color:blue;">my text</span> simply because external styles downloaded to the browser are cached for every page in your website and affect all web pages, not just one. Consider moving all those styles sprinkled throughout your website to CSS classes in your sheets. Make sure you add selectors to increase their weight in cases where they might have cascaded over earlier inherited styles. Note: Many JavaScript API's like Angular and others use embedded CSS which means they are slower and have to reload CSS every refresh or revisit to the site. Bad design! ALWAYS use a "Reset" Style Sheet for all your basic HTML Elements. Most CSS packages like Bootstrap and others come with a reset or reboot sheet. These restyle all your HTML element selectors so they look decent across all browsers and user agents. This saves you the nightmare of having to restyle and customize design across basic elements like form controls, layouts, text, etc. I wrote my own "reset" sheet years ago. I am going to post it on GitHub under "Universal CSS Framework" soon if you would like mine. Works in all the old and new browsers. Remember, all text-based styles cascade and inherit naturally down through the sites elements! So, you should rarely need to repeat font styles, line-heights, etc. Most young developers forget this. Text-based styles are inherited down the HTML tree so only have to be written one time in a parent. Often the <body> element is the best placed to set basic font styles, etc. Because of #3 you do NOT need CSS precrocessors like SASS to reorganize or manage your style sheets. Stay away from these third-party dependencies. CSS can be written to inherit or cascade styles through the site so you do not have to repeat the same font styling or properties across CSS classes, etc. Group your Block Level/Layout styles that control design. Use ID selectors (#myid) on top level HTML blocks to separate sections and use those in CSS selectors to manage items specific to that page or website section (#main .someclass {...}). These have the advantage that they are easy to track and easy to segregate, but ID selectors have very high selectivity or weight. ID selectors have a 1-0-0 or 100 weight over class which has 0-1-0 or 10 weight. This prevents any later style shifts from damaging your previous custom styles in specific protected sections. Design all CSS around a Single CSS Class that can be Reused. Avoid attaching more element and chains of classes in CSS selectors until you absolutely need to override a common shared class with a custom one. Example: .articlelink{...} would be the shared universal style everyone can access. .block1 .area2 .articlelink{...} would allow you to create a custom version throughout a section without creating a new class or changing the HTML. Use CSS Comments! /* My New Styles */ ...followed by blocks of related CSS or just use comments to explain what is not intuitive in your code. If you have big projects, have each developer write their own custom CSS sheets for their sections, but inherit the main site style sheets. First, make sure all sections of the website link to your basic reset and base site sheets first. This allows basic element styles, font settings, layout, page design, forms, and colors to be enforced by the base sheets first so developers only add new styles needed rather than reinventing the same wheel. As you update the base sheets all developers inherit, those appear naturally across all sections of the project with no effort, and the teams can see those instantly.

Remember, you are working with cascading style sheets, not style sheets! That means most text-based styles are designed to inherit from all the parent elements, then cascade those same styles down into your trees of HTML across thousands of pages with no extra code. Most new web developers fail to grasp the simplicity of CSS, so struggle with SASS and other tools to fix it. It just is not needed. CSS was designed this way over 20 years ago by very smart people that solved all these issues for you.

如果你真的开始以正确的方式使用CSS,你会发现你可以删除大部分样式,SASS,最小化,以及其他外部例程和你的网站曾经使用过的额外代码,同时享受CSS的级联效果,这些效果在很久以前就被设计为使最小代码成为可能。

<html>
  <body style="color:blue;">
    <main>
      <section>
        <div>
          <div>
            <div>
              <p>hello blue world</p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </section>
    </main>
  </body>
</html>

和平

就像我之前说的:进入OOCSS。Sass/Less/Compass使用起来很诱人,但在正确使用CSS之前,Sass/Less/Compass只会让事情变得更糟。

首先,阅读高效css。尝试谷歌页面速度和阅读Souders关于高效css的文章。

然后进入OOCSS。

学会使用级联。(毕竟,我们称之为级联样式表)。 学习如何获得正确的粒度(自底向上而不是自顶向下) 学习如何分离结构和皮肤(什么是唯一的,这些对象的变化是什么?) 学习如何分离容器和内容。 学会爱上网格。

它将彻底改变css的每一个细节。我完全焕然一新,爱上了它。

更新:SMACSS类似于OOCSS,但一般来说更容易适应。

你应该看看边界元法。

理论

BEM试图提供一组用于组织和命名css选择器的指令,以使选择器更具可重用性和模块化,并避免选择器之间的冲突,这种冲突通常会导致意大利面条式的代码和特定的问题。

如果正确使用,它实际上有一些非常积极的影响。

当样式被添加到元素中时,它们的作用是您所期望的 样式不会泄露,并且只影响它们所添加的内容 样式与文档结构完全解耦 不同的风格不需要被强迫凌驾于彼此之上

BEM works well with SASS to bring an almost object oriented style to CSS. You can build modular files, that handle the display of a single UI element and contain variables, such as colours and 'methods' such as how internal elements are handled. While a hardcore OO programmer might balk at this idea, in fact, the applied concepts bring in a lot of the nicer parts of OO structures, such as modularity, loose coupling and tight cohesion and context free re-usability. You can even build in a way that looks like an encapsulated object by using Sass and the & operator.

更多来自Smashing杂志的深入文章可以在这里找到;还有一个来自CCS Wizardry的Harry Roberts(任何参与css的人都应该读一下他的书)。

在实践中

我已经用过它几次了,还用过SMACSS和OOCSS,这意味着我也可以对它们进行比较。我也在一些大混乱中工作过,通常是我自己没有经验的创作。

当我在现实世界中使用BEM时,我用一些额外的原则来增强这种技术。我利用实用工具类-一个很好的例子是包装类:

.page-section {
    width: 100%;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 1200px) {
    margin: 0 auto;
    width: 1200px;
}

我也有些依赖于级联和特异性。在这里,BEM模块将是.primary-box,而.header将是特定重写的上下文

.header {
  .primary-box {
    color: #000;
  }
}

(我尽我最大的努力使所有的东西都是通用的和上下文无关的,这意味着一个好的项目几乎所有的东西都在可重用的模块中)

我想说的最后一点是,无论你的项目看起来多么小,多么简单,你都应该从一开始就这么做,原因有二:

项目越来越复杂,所以打下良好的基础是很重要的,包括CSS 即使是一个看起来很简单的项目,因为它是建立在WordPress上的,JavaScript很少,但在CSS中仍然非常复杂——好吧,你不需要做任何服务器端编码,所以这部分很简单,但是宣传册前端有20个模块和每个模块的3个变体:你有一些非常复杂的CSS !

Web组件

在2015年,我们开始关注Web组件。我对这些还不太了解,但它们希望将所有前端功能放在自包含的模块中,有效地尝试将各种原则从BEM应用到前端作为一个整体,并将分散但完全耦合的元素(如DOM片段、Js (MVC)和CSS)组合在一起,这些元素都构建相同的UI小部件。

通过这样做,他们b将解决css中存在的一些原始问题,我们试图用BEM等东西来解决这些问题,同时使其他一些前端架构更加合理。

这里有一些进一步的阅读材料,还有一个框架聚合物,非常值得一看

最后

我也认为这是一个优秀的、现代的css最佳实践指南——专门为防止大型css项目变得混乱而设计。我尽量遵循其中的大部分。

很多时候,我看到有人把文件分成几个部分,在部分之间加上标题注释。

类似的

/* Headings and General Text */

.... stuff here for H1, etc..

/* Main page layout */

.... stuff here for layout page setup etc.

它工作得很好,可以让你很容易回头看看你正在做什么。