在这段代码中:

class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 'Hello'

    def method_a(self, foo):
        print self.x + ' ' + foo

．.． self变量表示对象本身的实例。大多数面向对象语言将此作为一个隐藏参数传递给对象上定义的方法;Python则不然。你必须显式地声明它。当你创建一个A类的实例并调用它的方法时，它将被自动传递，就像在…

a = A()               # We do not pass any argument to the __init__ method
a.method_a('Sailor!') # We only pass a single argument

__init__方法大致代表Python中的构造函数。当你调用A()时，Python为你创建一个对象，并将其作为第一个参数传递给__init__方法。任何额外的参数(例如，A(24， 'Hello'))也会作为参数传递——在这种情况下会引发异常，因为构造函数并不期望它们。

__init__确实像一个构造函数。如果您希望任何类函数表现为非静态方法，则需要将“self”作为第一个参数传递给它们。self是类的实例变量。

注意，self实际上可以是任何有效的python标识符。例如，从Chris B的例子中，我们可以简单地写:

class A(object):
    def __init__(foo):
        foo.x = 'Hello'

    def method_a(bar, foo):
        print bar.x + ' ' + foo

结果是一样的。然而，建议使用self，因为其他python更容易识别它。

在这里，这个家伙写得很好，很简单:https://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/06/18/improve-your-python-python-classes-and-object-oriented-programming/

阅读上面的链接作为参考:

self? So what's with that self parameter to all of the Customer methods? What is it? Why, it's the instance, of course! Put another way, a method like withdraw defines the instructions for withdrawing money from some abstract customer's account. Calling jeff.withdraw(100.0) puts those instructions to use on the jeff instance. So when we say def withdraw(self, amount):, we're saying, "here's how you withdraw money from a Customer object (which we'll call self) and a dollar figure (which we'll call amount). self is the instance of the Customer that withdraw is being called on. That's not me making analogies, either. jeff.withdraw(100.0) is just shorthand for Customer.withdraw(jeff, 100.0), which is perfectly valid (if not often seen) code. init self may make sense for other methods, but what about init? When we call init, we're in the process of creating an object, so how can there already be a self? Python allows us to extend the self pattern to when objects are constructed as well, even though it doesn't exactly fit. Just imagine that jeff = Customer('Jeff Knupp', 1000.0) is the same as calling jeff = Customer(jeff, 'Jeff Knupp', 1000.0); the jeff that's passed in is also made the result. This is why when we call init, we initialize objects by saying things like self.name = name. Remember, since self is the instance, this is equivalent to saying jeff.name = name, which is the same as jeff.name = 'Jeff Knupp. Similarly, self.balance = balance is the same as jeff.balance = 1000.0. After these two lines, we consider the Customer object "initialized" and ready for use. Be careful what you __init__ After init has finished, the caller can rightly assume that the object is ready to use. That is, after jeff = Customer('Jeff Knupp', 1000.0), we can start making deposit and withdraw calls on jeff; jeff is a fully-initialized object.

self做什么?这意味着什么?这是强制性的吗?

每个类方法(包括init)的第一个参数始终是对类当前实例的引用。按照惯例，这个参数总是命名为self。在init方法中，self指向新创建的对象;在其他类方法中，它引用被调用方法的实例。

Python不会强制你使用"self"。你可以给它起任何你想要的名字。但是记住方法定义中的第一个参数是对对象的引用。Python为你将self参数添加到列表中;在调用方法时不需要包含它。 如果你没有在init方法中提供self，那么你会得到一个错误

TypeError: __init___() takes no arguments (1 given)

init方法做什么?为什么有必要?(等)

Init是initialization的缩写。它是一个构造函数，当你创建类的实例时调用它，这是不必要的。但通常我们的做法是编写init方法来设置对象的默认状态。如果你不愿意在初始时设置对象的任何状态，那么你不需要编写这个方法。

在这段代码中:

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def info(self):
        print 'I am a cat and I am called', self.name

在这里，__init__充当类的构造函数，当对象实例化时，将调用此函数。Self表示实例化对象。

c = Cat('Kitty')
c.info()

上述陈述的结果如下:

I am a cat and I am called Kitty