# Source: Class and Instance Variables
# https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables

class MyClass(object):
    # class variable
    my_CLS_var = 10

    # sets "init'ial" state to objects/instances, use self argument
    def __init__(self):
        # self usage => instance variable (per object)
        self.my_OBJ_var = 15

        # also possible, class name is used => init class variable
        MyClass.my_CLS_var = 20


def run_example_func():
    # PRINTS    10    (class variable)
    print MyClass.my_CLS_var

    # executes __init__ for obj1 instance
    # NOTE: __init__ changes class variable above
    obj1 = MyClass()

    # PRINTS    15    (instance variable)
    print obj1.my_OBJ_var

    # PRINTS    20    (class variable, changed value)
    print MyClass.my_CLS_var


run_example_func()

self做什么?这意味着什么?这是强制性的吗?

每个类方法(包括init)的第一个参数始终是对类当前实例的引用。按照惯例，这个参数总是命名为self。在init方法中，self指向新创建的对象;在其他类方法中，它引用被调用方法的实例。

Python不会强制你使用"self"。你可以给它起任何你想要的名字。但是记住方法定义中的第一个参数是对对象的引用。Python为你将self参数添加到列表中;在调用方法时不需要包含它。 如果你没有在init方法中提供self，那么你会得到一个错误

TypeError: __init___() takes no arguments (1 given)

init方法做什么?为什么有必要?(等)

Init是initialization的缩写。它是一个构造函数，当你创建类的实例时调用它，这是不必要的。但通常我们的做法是编写init方法来设置对象的默认状态。如果你不愿意在初始时设置对象的任何状态，那么你不需要编写这个方法。

在这里，这个家伙写得很好，很简单:https://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/06/18/improve-your-python-python-classes-and-object-oriented-programming/

阅读上面的链接作为参考:

self? So what's with that self parameter to all of the Customer methods? What is it? Why, it's the instance, of course! Put another way, a method like withdraw defines the instructions for withdrawing money from some abstract customer's account. Calling jeff.withdraw(100.0) puts those instructions to use on the jeff instance. So when we say def withdraw(self, amount):, we're saying, "here's how you withdraw money from a Customer object (which we'll call self) and a dollar figure (which we'll call amount). self is the instance of the Customer that withdraw is being called on. That's not me making analogies, either. jeff.withdraw(100.0) is just shorthand for Customer.withdraw(jeff, 100.0), which is perfectly valid (if not often seen) code. init self may make sense for other methods, but what about init? When we call init, we're in the process of creating an object, so how can there already be a self? Python allows us to extend the self pattern to when objects are constructed as well, even though it doesn't exactly fit. Just imagine that jeff = Customer('Jeff Knupp', 1000.0) is the same as calling jeff = Customer(jeff, 'Jeff Knupp', 1000.0); the jeff that's passed in is also made the result. This is why when we call init, we initialize objects by saying things like self.name = name. Remember, since self is the instance, this is equivalent to saying jeff.name = name, which is the same as jeff.name = 'Jeff Knupp. Similarly, self.balance = balance is the same as jeff.balance = 1000.0. After these two lines, we consider the Customer object "initialized" and ready for use. Be careful what you __init__ After init has finished, the caller can rightly assume that the object is ready to use. That is, after jeff = Customer('Jeff Knupp', 1000.0), we can start making deposit and withdraw calls on jeff; jeff is a fully-initialized object.

__init__基本上是一个函数，它将为特定对象“初始化”/“激活”类的属性，一旦创建并匹配到相应的类。 Self表示将继承这些属性的对象。

只是这个问题的一个演示。

class MyClass:

    def __init__(self):
        print('__init__ is the constructor for a class')

    def __del__(self):
        print('__del__ is the destructor for a class')

    def __enter__(self):
        print('__enter__ is for context manager')
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        print('__exit__ is for context manager')

    def greeting(self):
        print('hello python')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    with MyClass() as mycls:
        mycls.greeting()

$ python3 class.objects_instantiation.py
__init__ is the constructor for a class
__enter__ is for context manager
hello python
__exit__ is for context manager
__del__ is the destructor for a class

简而言之:

正如它所暗示的那样，Self指的是它自己——调用方法的对象。也就是说，如果你有N个对象调用这个方法，那么self。a将引用N个对象中每个对象的变量的一个单独实例。假设每个对象有N个变量a的副本 __init__在其他OOP语言(如c++ /Java)中被称为构造函数。基本思想是，它是一个特殊的方法，当创建该类的对象时自动调用