类对象支持两种操作:属性引用和实例化

属性引用使用Python中所有属性引用使用的标准语法:obj.name。有效属性名是创建类对象时类名称空间中的所有名称。所以，如果类定义是这样的:

class MyClass:
    """A simple example class"""
    i = 12345

    def f(self):
        return 'hello world'

然后MyClass。i和MyClass。F是有效的属性引用，分别返回一个整数和一个函数对象。类属性也可以被赋值，所以你可以改变MyClass的值。我被指派。__doc__也是一个有效的属性，返回属于类的文档字符串:" a simple example class"。

类实例化使用函数表示法。假设类对象是一个返回类的新实例的无参数函数。例如:

x = MyClass()

实例化操作(“调用”类对象)创建一个空对象。许多类喜欢用自定义为特定初始状态的实例创建对象。因此，类可以定义一个名为__init__()的特殊方法，如下所示:

def __init__(self):
    self.data = []

当类定义__init__()方法时，类实例化会自动为新创建的类实例调用__init__()。所以在这个例子中，一个新的，初始化的实例可以通过:

x = MyClass()

当然，__init__()方法可能有参数以获得更大的灵活性。在这种情况下，给类实例化操作符的参数被传递给__init__()。例如,

class Complex:
    def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):
        self.r = realpart
        self.i = imagpart

x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)
x.r, x.i

这是从官方文件中截取的，最终对我帮助最大。

这是我的例子

class Bill():
    def __init__(self,apples,figs,dates):
        self.apples = apples
        self.figs = figs
        self.dates = dates
        self.bill = apples + figs + dates
        print ("Buy",self.apples,"apples", self.figs,"figs 
                and",self.dates,"dates. 
                Total fruitty bill is",self.bill," pieces of fruit :)")

创建类Bill的实例时:

purchase = Bill(5,6,7)

你会得到:

> Buy 5 apples 6 figs and 7 dates. Total fruitty bill is 18  pieces of
> fruit :)

只是这个问题的一个演示。

class MyClass:

    def __init__(self):
        print('__init__ is the constructor for a class')

    def __del__(self):
        print('__del__ is the destructor for a class')

    def __enter__(self):
        print('__enter__ is for context manager')
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        print('__exit__ is for context manager')

    def greeting(self):
        print('hello python')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    with MyClass() as mycls:
        mycls.greeting()

$ python3 class.objects_instantiation.py
__init__ is the constructor for a class
__enter__ is for context manager
hello python
__exit__ is for context manager
__del__ is the destructor for a class

是的，你是对的，这些是oop结构。

__init__是类的构造函数。self形参引用对象的实例(在c++中就像这样)。

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self._x = x
        self._y = y

__init__方法在对象的内存被分配后被调用:

x = Point(1,2)

如果你想在对象中持久化这个值，在对象的方法中使用self参数是很重要的。例如，如果你像这样实现__init__方法:

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        _x = x
        _y = y

您的x和y参数将存储在堆栈上的变量中，当init方法超出作用域时将被丢弃。将这些变量设置为self。_x和self。_y将这些变量设置为Point对象的成员(在对象的生命周期内都可以访问)。

注意:对这个回答中“构造者”一词的使用做了一些澄清。从技术上讲，在Python中，“构造函数”的职责被划分为两个方法。这些方法是__new__(负责分配内存)和__init__(如本文所述，负责初始化新创建的实例)。

基本上，当在同一个类中的多个函数中使用一个变量时，需要使用'self'关键字。至于init，它用于设置默认值，以防该类中没有其他函数被调用。

在这里，这个家伙写得很好，很简单:https://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/06/18/improve-your-python-python-classes-and-object-oriented-programming/

阅读上面的链接作为参考:

self? So what's with that self parameter to all of the Customer methods? What is it? Why, it's the instance, of course! Put another way, a method like withdraw defines the instructions for withdrawing money from some abstract customer's account. Calling jeff.withdraw(100.0) puts those instructions to use on the jeff instance. So when we say def withdraw(self, amount):, we're saying, "here's how you withdraw money from a Customer object (which we'll call self) and a dollar figure (which we'll call amount). self is the instance of the Customer that withdraw is being called on. That's not me making analogies, either. jeff.withdraw(100.0) is just shorthand for Customer.withdraw(jeff, 100.0), which is perfectly valid (if not often seen) code. init self may make sense for other methods, but what about init? When we call init, we're in the process of creating an object, so how can there already be a self? Python allows us to extend the self pattern to when objects are constructed as well, even though it doesn't exactly fit. Just imagine that jeff = Customer('Jeff Knupp', 1000.0) is the same as calling jeff = Customer(jeff, 'Jeff Knupp', 1000.0); the jeff that's passed in is also made the result. This is why when we call init, we initialize objects by saying things like self.name = name. Remember, since self is the instance, this is equivalent to saying jeff.name = name, which is the same as jeff.name = 'Jeff Knupp. Similarly, self.balance = balance is the same as jeff.balance = 1000.0. After these two lines, we consider the Customer object "initialized" and ready for use. Be careful what you __init__ After init has finished, the caller can rightly assume that the object is ready to use. That is, after jeff = Customer('Jeff Knupp', 1000.0), we can start making deposit and withdraw calls on jeff; jeff is a fully-initialized object.

self做什么?这意味着什么?这是强制性的吗?

每个类方法(包括init)的第一个参数始终是对类当前实例的引用。按照惯例，这个参数总是命名为self。在init方法中，self指向新创建的对象;在其他类方法中，它引用被调用方法的实例。

Python不会强制你使用"self"。你可以给它起任何你想要的名字。但是记住方法定义中的第一个参数是对对象的引用。Python为你将self参数添加到列表中;在调用方法时不需要包含它。 如果你没有在init方法中提供self，那么你会得到一个错误

TypeError: __init___() takes no arguments (1 given)

init方法做什么?为什么有必要?(等)

Init是initialization的缩写。它是一个构造函数，当你创建类的实例时调用它，这是不必要的。但通常我们的做法是编写init方法来设置对象的默认状态。如果你不愿意在初始时设置对象的任何状态，那么你不需要编写这个方法。