以下是我的项目结构:

ProjectFolder:
 - project:
     - __init__.py
     - item.py
 - tests:
     - test_item.py

我发现最好在setUp()方法中导入:

import unittest
import sys    

class ItemTest(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        sys.path.insert(0, "../project")
        from project import item
        # further setup using this import

    def test_item_props(self):
        # do my assertions

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

对于用户来说，最简单的解决方案是提供一个可执行脚本(runtests.py或类似的脚本)，该脚本引导必要的测试环境，包括(如果需要的话)将根项目目录添加到sys. py。临时道路。这并不需要用户设置环境变量，类似这样的东西在引导脚本中工作得很好:

import sys, os

sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(__file__))

然后你给用户的指令可以像“python runtests.py”一样简单。

当然，如果你需要的路径确实是os.path.dirname(__file__)，那么你不需要将它添加到sys. path.dirname(__file__)。道路;Python总是将当前运行脚本的目录放在sys. exe的开头。路径，因此根据您的目录结构，将runtests.py定位到正确的位置可能就足够了。

此外，Python 2.7+中的unittest模块(在Python 2.6及更早的版本中被反向移植为unittest2)现在内置了测试发现，所以如果你想自动化测试发现，nose不再是必要的:你的用户指令可以像Python -m unittest discover一样简单。

从你链接的文章中:

Create a test_modulename.py file and put your unittest tests in it. Since the test modules are in a separate directory from your code, you may need to add your module’s parent directory to your PYTHONPATH in order to run them: $ cd /path/to/googlemaps $ export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/path/to/googlemaps/googlemaps $ python test/test_googlemaps.py Finally, there is one more popular unit testing framework for Python (it’s that important!), nose. nose helps simplify and extend the builtin unittest framework (it can, for example, automagically find your test code and setup your PYTHONPATH for you), but it is not included with the standard Python distribution.

也许你应该像它所暗示的那样看看鼻子?

*nix系统(macOS, Linux)的简单解决方案;也可能是Git bash在Windows上。

PYTHONPATH=$PWD python test/test_antigravity.py

Print语句很容易工作，不像pytest test/test_antigravity.py。对于“脚本”来说，这是一种完美的方法，但对于单元测试来说却不是。

当然，我想做一个适当的自动化测试，我会考虑使用适当设置的pytest。

同样的问题我已经有很长时间了。我最近选择的目录结构是这样的:

project_path
├── Makefile
├── src
│   ├── script_1.py
│   ├── script_2.py
│   └── script_3.py
└── tests
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── test_script_1.py
    ├── test_script_2.py
    └── test_script_3.py

在test文件夹的__init__.py脚本中，我写了以下内容:

import os
import sys
PROJECT_PATH = os.getcwd()
SOURCE_PATH = os.path.join(
    PROJECT_PATH,"src"
)
sys.path.append(SOURCE_PATH)

对于共享项目来说，Makefile非常重要，因为它强制正确地运行脚本。下面是我放在Makefile中的命令:

run_tests:
    python -m unittest discover .

The Makefile is important not just because of the command it runs but also because of where it runs it from. If you would cd in tests and do python -m unittest discover ., it wouldn't work because the init script in unit_tests calls os.getcwd(), which would then point to the incorrect absolute path (that would be appended to sys.path and you would be missing your source folder). The scripts would run since discover finds all the tests, but they wouldn't run properly. So the Makefile is there to avoid having to remember this issue.

我真的很喜欢这种方法，因为我不需要触及我的src文件夹，我的单元测试或我的环境变量，一切都运行顺利。

Python unittest模块的解决方案/示例

鉴于以下项目结构:

ProjectName
 ├── project_name
 |    ├── models
 |    |    └── thing_1.py
 |    └── __main__.py
 └── test
      ├── models
      |    └── test_thing_1.py
      └── __main__.py

你可以使用python project_name从根目录运行你的项目，它调用ProjectName/project_name/__main__.py。

要使用python test运行测试，有效地运行ProjectName/test/__main__.py，您需要执行以下操作:

1)通过添加__init__.py文件将您的test/models目录转换为一个包。这使得子目录中的测试用例可以从父测试目录中访问。

# ProjectName/test/models/__init__.py

from .test_thing_1 import Thing1TestCase        

2)在test/__main__.py中修改系统路径以包含project_name目录。

# ProjectName/test/__main__.py

import sys
import unittest

sys.path.append('../project_name')

loader = unittest.TestLoader()
testSuite = loader.discover('test')
testRunner = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2)
testRunner.run(testSuite)

现在您可以在测试中成功地从project_name导入内容。

# ProjectName/test/models/test_thing_1.py    

import unittest
from project_name.models import Thing1  # this doesn't work without 'sys.path.append' per step 2 above

class Thing1TestCase(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_thing_1_init(self):
        thing_id = 'ABC'
        thing1 = Thing1(thing_id)
        self.assertEqual(thing_id, thing.id)