深度优先搜索

深度优先搜索通常用于模拟游戏(以及现实世界中的类似游戏场景)。在典型的游戏中，你可以从几种可能的行动中选择一种。每个选择都会引出更多的选择，每个选择又会引出更多的选择，如此循环往复，形成一个不断扩大的可能性树形图。

例如，在国际象棋和井字游戏中，当你决定走哪一步时，你可以在脑海中想象一步，然后是对手可能的反应，然后是你的反应，等等。你可以通过观察哪一步会带来最好的结果来决定做什么。

在游戏树中只有一些路径能够引导你获胜。有些会导致你的对手获胜，当你到达这样的结局时，你必须后退或回溯到前一个节点，并尝试不同的路径。通过这种方式，您可以探索树，直到找到一条具有成功结论的路径。然后沿着这条路迈出第一步。

广度优先搜索

宽度优先搜索有一个有趣的特性:它首先找到距离起点一条边的所有顶点，然后是距离起点两条边的所有顶点，依此类推。如果你试图找到从起始顶点到给定顶点的最短路径，这是很有用的。你开始一个BFS，当你找到指定的顶点时，你知道你到目前为止跟踪的路径是到该节点的最短路径。如果有更短的路径，BFS早就找到了。

宽度优先搜索可用于在BitTorrent等对等网络中查找相邻节点，GPS系统用于查找附近位置，社交网站用于查找指定距离内的人等等。

以下是对你的问题的全面回答。

简单来说:

Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm, from its name "Breadth", discovers all the neighbours of a node through the out edges of the node then it discovers the unvisited neighbours of the previously mentioned neighbours through their out edges and so forth, till all the nodes reachable from the origional source are visited (we can continue and take another origional source if there are remaining unvisited nodes and so forth). That's why it can be used to find the shortest path (if there is any) from a node (origional source) to another node if the weights of the edges are uniform.

Depth First Search (DFS) algorithm, from its name "Depth", discovers the unvisited neighbours of the most recently discovered node x through its out edges. If there is no unvisited neighbour from the node x, the algorithm backtracks to discover the unvisited neighbours of the node (through its out edges) from which node x was discovered, and so forth, till all the nodes reachable from the origional source are visited (we can continue and take another origional source if there are remaining unvisited nodes and so forth).

Both BFS and DFS can be incomplete. For example if the branching factor of a node is infinite, or very big for the resources (memory) to support (e.g. when storing the nodes to be discovered next), then BFS is not complete even though the searched key can be at a distance of few edges from the origional source. This infinite branching factor can be because of infinite choices (neighbouring nodes) from a given node to discover. If the depth is infinite, or very big for the resources (memory) to support (e.g. when storing the nodes to be discovered next), then DFS is not complete even though the searched key can be the third neighbor of the origional source. This infinite depth can be because of a situation where there is, for every node the algorithm discovers, at least a new choice (neighbouring node) that is unvisited before.

因此，我们可以得出什么时候使用BFS和DFS。假设我们正在处理一个可管理的有限分支因子和一个可管理的有限深度。如果搜索的节点很浅，即在原始源的一些边之后可以到达，那么最好使用BFS。另一方面，如果搜索的节点较深，即从原始源处经过大量边后可以到达，那么最好使用DFS。

For example, in a social network if we want to search for people who have similar interests of a specific person, we can apply BFS from this person as an origional source, because mostly these people will be his direct friends or friends of friends i.e. one or two edges far. On the other hand, if we want to search for people who have completely different interests of a specific person, we can apply DFS from this person as an origional source, because mostly these people will be very far from him i.e. friend of friend of friend.... i.e. too many edges far.

Applications of BFS and DFS can vary also because of the mechanism of searching in each one. For example, we can use either BFS (assuming the branching factor is manageable) or DFS (assuming the depth is manageable) when we just want to check the reachability from one node to another having no information where that node can be. Also both of them can solve same tasks like topological sorting of a graph (if it has). BFS can be used to find the shortest path, with unit weight edges, from a node (origional source) to another. Whereas, DFS can be used to exhaust all the choices because of its nature of going in depth, like discovering the longest path between two nodes in an acyclic graph. Also DFS, can be used for cycle detection in a graph.

最后，如果我们有无限的深度和无限的分支因子，我们可以使用迭代深化搜索(IDS)。

DFS比BFS更节省空间，但可能会深入到不必要的深度。

它们的名字揭示了:如果有很大的广度(即大的分支因子)，但深度非常有限(例如有限的“移动”数量)，那么DFS可能比BFS更受欢迎。

关于国际发展基金

应该提到的是，有一个不太为人所知的变体，它结合了DFS的空间效率，但(累积)BFS的水平顺序访问，是迭代深化深度优先搜索。该算法对一些节点进行了重访，但只贡献了一个常数因子的渐近差分。

BFS的一个重要优势是，它可以用于寻找未加权图中任意两个节点之间的最短路径。 然而，我们不能用DFS来做同样的事情。

当树的宽度非常大，深度很低时，使用DFS作为递归堆栈不会溢出。当宽度很低而深度很大时使用BFS遍历树。

来自 http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/data-structures/dfs-vs-bfs/

一个BFS的例子

这里有一个BFS的例子。这类似于级别顺序树遍历，其中我们将使用迭代方法的队列(大多数递归将最终使用DFS)。数字表示BFS中节点被访问的顺序:

在深度优先搜索中，从根开始，尽可能地跟随树的一个分支，直到找到要查找的节点或找到叶节点(没有子节点)。如果您选中了一个叶节点，那么您将继续在最近的具有未探索的子节点的父节点上搜索。

DFS的一个例子

下面是一个DFS的示例。我认为二叉树中的后序遍历将首先从叶层开始工作。数字表示DFS中节点被访问的顺序:

DFS和BFS的区别

比较BFS和DFS, DFS的最大优势是它的内存需求比BFS低得多，因为它不需要在每一层存储所有的子指针。根据数据和您正在寻找的内容，DFS或BFS都可能是有利的。

For example, given a family tree if one were looking for someone on the tree who’s still alive, then it would be safe to assume that person would be on the bottom of the tree. This means that a BFS would take a very long time to reach that last level. A DFS, however, would find the goal faster. But, if one were looking for a family member who died a very long time ago, then that person would be closer to the top of the tree. Then, a BFS would usually be faster than a DFS. So, the advantages of either vary depending on the data and what you’re looking for.

另一个例子是Facebook;关于朋友的朋友的建议。我们需要直接的朋友建议我们在哪里可以使用BFS。可能是寻找最短路径或检测周期(使用递归)，我们可以使用DFS。