我已经采取了一些这些想法，并做出了一个函数，应该执行迅速，如果大量的随机数是必需的。

如果你需要很多随机数，调用od的代价是很高的。相反，我只调用它一次，并存储来自/dev/urandom的1024个随机数。当调用rand时，返回最后一个随机数并按比例缩放。然后从缓存中删除它。当缓存为空时，再读取1024个随机数。

例子:

rand 10; echo $RET

返回RET中0到9(含9)之间的随机数。

declare -ia RANDCACHE
declare -i RET RAWRAND=$(( (1<<32)-1 ))

function rand(){  # pick a random number from 0 to N-1. Max N is 2^32
  local -i N=$1
  [[ ${#RANDCACHE[*]} -eq 0 ]] && { RANDCACHE=( $(od -An -tu4 -N1024 /dev/urandom) ); }  # refill cache
  RET=$(( (RANDCACHE[-1]*N+1)/RAWRAND ))  # pull last random number and scale
  unset RANDCACHE[${#RANDCACHE[*]}-1]     # pop read random number
};

# test by generating a lot of random numbers, then effectively place them in bins and count how many are in each bin.

declare -i c; declare -ia BIN

for (( c=0; c<100000; c++ )); do
  rand 10
  BIN[RET]+=1  # add to bin to check distribution
done

for (( c=0; c<10; c++ )); do
  printf "%d %d\n" $c ${BIN[c]} 
done

更新:这并不适用于所有n。如果使用小n，也会浪费随机比特。注意(在这种情况下)一个32位随机数有足够的熵容纳9个0到9之间的随机数(10*9=1,000,000,000 <= 2*32)，我们可以从每个32个随机源值中提取多个随机数。

#!/bin/bash

declare -ia RCACHE

declare -i RET             # return value
declare -i ENT=2           # keep track of unused entropy as 2^(entropy)
declare -i RND=RANDOM%ENT  # a store for unused entropy - start with 1 bit

declare -i BYTES=4         # size of unsigned random bytes returned by od
declare -i BITS=8*BYTES    # size of random data returned by od in bits
declare -i CACHE=16        # number of random numbers to cache
declare -i MAX=2**BITS     # quantum of entropy per cached random number
declare -i c

function rand(){  # pick a random number from 0 to 2^BITS-1
  [[ ${#RCACHE[*]} -eq 0 ]] && { RCACHE=( $(od -An -tu$BYTES -N$CACHE /dev/urandom) ); }  # refill cache - could use /dev/random if CACHE is small
  RET=${RCACHE[-1]}              # pull last random number and scale
  unset RCACHE[${#RCACHE[*]}-1]  # pop read random number
};

function randBetween(){
  local -i N=$1
  [[ ENT -lt N ]] && {  # not enough entropy to supply ln(N)/ln(2) bits
    rand; RND=RET       # get more random bits
    ENT=MAX             # reset entropy
  }
  RET=RND%N  # random number to return
  RND=RND/N  # remaining randomness
  ENT=ENT/N  # remaining entropy
};

declare -ia BIN

for (( c=0; c<100000; c++ )); do
  randBetween 10
  BIN[RET]+=1
done

for c in ${BIN[*]}; do
  echo $c
done

这是我写的一个函数，它将输出一个期望范围>的随机数

描述:

随机<min> <max> 生成一个从最小到最大的随机数。最小值和最大值都可以 正数或负数，生成的随机数也可以是负数，所以 只要范围(max - min + 1)小于或等于32767。Max必须是>= min。

它的核心是:

random() {
    min="$1"
    max="$2"
    
    range=$((max - min + 1))
    rand=$((min + (RANDOM % range)))
    echo "$rand"
}

用法:

# general form: obtain a random number between min and max, inclusive
random <min> <max>

# Example: obtain a random number from -10 to 10, inclusive
random -10 10

这是从bash内置变量RANDOM中工作的，它可能只在底层使用C rand()，因为它们的最大值都是32767——请参阅:

https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/random/rand https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/random/RAND_MAX

有关bash文档，请参阅man bash:

随机 每次引用此参数时，都会生成一个0到32767之间的随机整数。随机数序列可以通过赋值给random来初始化。如果RANDOM未被设置，它将失去其特殊属性，即使随后被重置。

健壮的、可运行的、可源代码的脚本版本

这是上面随机函数的一个更健壮的版本。它包括完整的错误检查，边界检查，通过random——help或random -h提供的帮助菜单，以及一个特殊的run_check功能，允许您源或运行此脚本，以便您可以源它以将随机函数导入任何其他脚本——就像您在Python中所做的一样!

random.sh <——点击这个链接总是从我的eRCaGuy_dotfiles repo中获得最新版本。

RETURN_CODE_SUCCESS=0
RETURN_CODE_ERROR=1

HELP_STR="\
Generate a random integer number according to the usage styles below.

USAGE STYLES:
    'random'
        Generate a random number from 0 to 32767, inclusive (same as bash variable 'RANDOM').
    'random <max>'
        Generate a random number from 0 to 'max', inclusive.
    'random <min> <max>'
        Generate a random number from 'min' to 'max', inclusive. Both 'min' and 'max' can be
        positive OR negative numbers, and the generated random number can be negative too, so
        long as the range (max - min + 1) is less than or equal to 32767. Max must be >= min.

This file is part of eRCaGuy_dotfiles: https://github.com/ElectricRCAircraftGuy/eRCaGuy_dotfiles
"

print_help() {
    echo "$HELP_STR" | less -RFX
}

# Get a random number according to the usage styles above.
# See also `utils_rand()` in utilities.c:
# https://github.com/ElectricRCAircraftGuy/eRCaGuy_hello_world/blob/master/c/utilities.c#L176
random() {
    # PARSE ARGUMENTS

    # help menu
    if [ "$1" = "-h" ] || [ "$1" = "--help" ]; then
        print_help
        exit $RETURN_CODE_SUCCESS
    fi

    # 'random'
    if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
        min=0
        max="none"
    # 'random max'
    elif [ $# -eq 1 ]; then
        min=0
        max="$1"
    # 'random min max'
    elif [ $# -eq 2 ]; then
        min="$1"
        max="$2"
    else
        echo "ERROR: too many arguments."
        exit "$RETURN_CODE_ERROR"
    fi

    # CHECK FOR ERRORS

    if [ "$max" = "none" ]; then
        rand="$RANDOM"
        echo "$rand"
        exit "$RETURN_CODE_SUCCESS"
    fi

    if [ "$max" -lt "$min" ]; then
        echo "ERROR: max ($max) < min ($min). Max must be >= min."
        exit "$RETURN_CODE_ERROR"
    fi

    # CALCULATE THE RANDOM NUMBER

    # See `man bash` and search for `RANDOM`. This is a limitation of that value.
    RAND_MAX=32767

    range=$((max - min + 1))
    if [ "$range" -gt "$RAND_MAX" ]; then
        echo "ERROR: the range (max - min + 1) is too large. Max allowed = $RAND_MAX, but actual" \
             "range = ($max - $min + 1) = $range."
        exit "$RETURN_CODE_ERROR"
    fi

    # NB: `RANDOM` is a bash built-in variable. See `man bash`, and also here:
    # https://stackoverflow.com/a/1195035/4561887
    rand=$((min + (RANDOM % range)))
    echo "$rand"
}

# Set the global variable `run` to "true" if the script is being **executed** (not sourced) and
# `main` should run, and set `run` to "false" otherwise. One might source this script but intend
# NOT to run it if they wanted to import functions from the script.
# See:
# 1. *****https://github.com/ElectricRCAircraftGuy/eRCaGuy_hello_world/blob/master/bash/argument_parsing__3_advanced__gen_prog_template.sh
# 1. my answer: https://stackoverflow.com/a/70662049/4561887
# 1. https://github.com/ElectricRCAircraftGuy/eRCaGuy_hello_world/blob/master/bash/check_if_sourced_or_executed.sh
run_check() {
    # This is akin to `if __name__ == "__main__":` in Python.
    if [ "${FUNCNAME[-1]}" == "main" ]; then
        # This script is being EXECUTED, not sourced
        run="true"
    fi
}

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Main program entry point
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Only run main function if this file is being executed, NOT sourced.
run="false"
run_check
if [ "$run" == "true" ]; then
    random "$@"
fi

想使用不带dd和od的/dev/urandom

function roll() { local modulus=${1:-6}; echo $(( 1 + 0x$(env LC_CTYPE=C tr -dc '0-9a-fA-F' < /dev/urandom | head -c5 ) % $modulus )); }

测试

$ roll
5
$ roll 12
12

它有多随机?

$ (echo "count roll percentage"; i=0; while [ $i -lt 10000 ]; do roll; i=$((i+1)); done | sort | uniq -c | awk '{print $0,($1/10000*100)"%"}') | column -t
count  roll  percentage
1625   1     16.25%
1665   2     16.65%
1646   3     16.46%
1720   4     17.2%
1694   5     16.94%
1650   6     16.5%

基于@Nelson， @Barun和@Robert的精彩回答，这里有一个生成随机数的Bash脚本。

可以生成你想要的数字。 每个数字都是由/dev/urandom单独生成的，这比Bash内置的$RANDOM要好得多

#!/usr/bin/env bash

digits=10

rand=$(od -A n -t d -N 2 /dev/urandom |tr -d ' ')
num=$((rand % 10))
while [ ${#num} -lt $digits ]; do
  rand=$(od -A n -t d -N 1 /dev/urandom |tr -d ' ')
  num="${num}$((rand % 10))"
done
echo $num

也许我说得有点晚了，但是在Bash中使用jot生成一个范围内的随机数怎么样?

jot -r -p 3 1 0 1

这将生成一个随机的(-r)数字，具有3位小数点后精度(-p)。在本例中，您将得到0到1(1 0 1)之间的一个数字。您还可以打印顺序数据。根据手册，随机数的来源为:

当没有指定种子时，通过arc4random(3)获得随机数，通过 随机(3)当一个种子给出。

你可以使用种子，参见文档:

RANDOM=$(date +%s%N | cut -b10-19)
echo $(( $RANDOM % 100 + 1 ))