通过相乘，位向左移位。这使用了更多哈希码的可用空间，减少了冲突。

通过不使用2的幂，低阶，最右边的位也被填充，与进入散列的下一段数据混合。

表达式n * 31等价于(n << 5) - n。

Goodrich和Tamassia从超过50,000个英语单词(由Unix的两个变体提供的单词列表的并集组成)中计算出，使用常量31、33、37、39和41在每种情况下产生的碰撞将少于7次。这可能是如此多的Java实现选择此类常量的原因。

参见Java中的数据结构和算法的9.2节哈希表(第522页)。

事实上，37就可以了!Z:= 37 * x可计算为y:= x + 8 * x;z:= x + 4 * y。这两个步骤都对应一个LEA x86指令，所以这是非常快的。

事实上，通过设置y:= x + 8 * x，可以以同样的速度完成与更大的素数73的乘法运算;Z:= x + 8 * y。

使用73或37(而不是31)可能会更好，因为它会导致更密集的代码:两条LEA指令只占用6个字节，而move+shift+subtract(31的乘法)占用7个字节。一个可能的警告是，这里使用的3参数LEA指令在英特尔的Sandy桥架构上变慢了，延迟增加了3个周期。

而且，73是谢尔顿·库珀最喜欢的数字。

在最新版本的JDK中，仍然使用31。https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/12/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/String.html hashCode ()

哈希字符串的目的是

唯一(让我们看看hashcode计算文档中的运算符^，它有助于唯一) 计算成本低

31是可以放入8位(= 1字节)寄存器的最大值，是可以放入1字节寄存器的最大素数，是奇数。

31乘以<<5然后减去自己，因此需要廉价的资源。

尼尔·科菲解释了为什么在熨平偏差下使用31。

基本上，使用31可以为哈希函数提供更均匀的集位概率分布。

在JDK-4045622中，Joshua Bloch描述了为什么选择特定的(新)String.hashCode()实现的原因

The table below summarizes the performance of the various hash functions described above, for three data sets: 1) All of the words and phrases with entries in Merriam-Webster's 2nd Int'l Unabridged Dictionary (311,141 strings, avg length 10 chars). 2) All of the strings in /bin/, /usr/bin/, /usr/lib/, /usr/ucb/ and /usr/openwin/bin/* (66,304 strings, avg length 21 characters). 3) A list of URLs gathered by a web-crawler that ran for several hours last night (28,372 strings, avg length 49 characters). The performance metric shown in the table is the "average chain size" over all elements in the hash table (i.e., the expected value of the number of key compares to look up an element). Webster's Code Strings URLs --------- ------------ ---- Current Java Fn. 1.2509 1.2738 13.2560 P(37) [Java] 1.2508 1.2481 1.2454 P(65599) [Aho et al] 1.2490 1.2510 1.2450 P(31) [K+R] 1.2500 1.2488 1.2425 P(33) [Torek] 1.2500 1.2500 1.2453 Vo's Fn 1.2487 1.2471 1.2462 WAIS Fn 1.2497 1.2519 1.2452 Weinberger's Fn(MatPak) 6.5169 7.2142 30.6864 Weinberger's Fn(24) 1.3222 1.2791 1.9732 Weinberger's Fn(28) 1.2530 1.2506 1.2439 Looking at this table, it's clear that all of the functions except for the current Java function and the two broken versions of Weinberger's function offer excellent, nearly indistinguishable performance. I strongly conjecture that this performance is essentially the "theoretical ideal", which is what you'd get if you used a true random number generator in place of a hash function. I'd rule out the WAIS function as its specification contains pages of random numbers, and its performance is no better than any of the far simpler functions. Any of the remaining six functions seem like excellent choices, but we have to pick one. I suppose I'd rule out Vo's variant and Weinberger's function because of their added complexity, albeit minor. Of the remaining four, I'd probably select P(31), as it's the cheapest to calculate on a RISC machine (because 31 is the difference of two powers of two). P(33) is similarly cheap to calculate, but it's performance is marginally worse, and 33 is composite, which makes me a bit nervous. Josh