You can read Bloch's original reasoning under "Comments" in http://bugs.java.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4045622. He investigated the performance of different hash functions in regards to the resulting "average chain size" in a hash table. P(31) was one of the common functions during that time which he found in K&R's book (but even Kernighan and Ritchie couldn't remember where it came from). In the end he basically had to choose one and so he took P(31) since it seemed to perform well enough. Even though P(33) was not really worse and multiplication by 33 is equally fast to calculate (just a shift by 5 and an addition), he opted for 31 since 33 is not a prime:

剩下的 第四，我可能会选择P(31)，因为它是RISC上最便宜的计算方法 机器(因为31是2的2次幂之差)P (33) 同样，计算起来很便宜，但它的性能稍微差一些，并且 33是合数，这让我有点紧张。

因此，推理并不像这里的许多答案所暗示的那样理性。但我们都善于在做出直觉决定后提出理性的理由(甚至布洛赫也可能倾向于这样)。

尼尔·科菲解释了为什么在熨平偏差下使用31。

基本上，使用31可以为哈希函数提供更均匀的集位概率分布。

事实上，37就可以了!Z:= 37 * x可计算为y:= x + 8 * x;z:= x + 4 * y。这两个步骤都对应一个LEA x86指令，所以这是非常快的。

事实上，通过设置y:= x + 8 * x，可以以同样的速度完成与更大的素数73的乘法运算;Z:= x + 8 * y。

使用73或37(而不是31)可能会更好，因为它会导致更密集的代码:两条LEA指令只占用6个字节，而move+shift+subtract(31的乘法)占用7个字节。一个可能的警告是，这里使用的3参数LEA指令在英特尔的Sandy桥架构上变慢了，延迟增加了3个周期。

而且，73是谢尔顿·库珀最喜欢的数字。

在JDK-4045622中，Joshua Bloch描述了为什么选择特定的(新)String.hashCode()实现的原因

The table below summarizes the performance of the various hash functions described above, for three data sets: 1) All of the words and phrases with entries in Merriam-Webster's 2nd Int'l Unabridged Dictionary (311,141 strings, avg length 10 chars). 2) All of the strings in /bin/, /usr/bin/, /usr/lib/, /usr/ucb/ and /usr/openwin/bin/* (66,304 strings, avg length 21 characters). 3) A list of URLs gathered by a web-crawler that ran for several hours last night (28,372 strings, avg length 49 characters). The performance metric shown in the table is the "average chain size" over all elements in the hash table (i.e., the expected value of the number of key compares to look up an element). Webster's Code Strings URLs --------- ------------ ---- Current Java Fn. 1.2509 1.2738 13.2560 P(37) [Java] 1.2508 1.2481 1.2454 P(65599) [Aho et al] 1.2490 1.2510 1.2450 P(31) [K+R] 1.2500 1.2488 1.2425 P(33) [Torek] 1.2500 1.2500 1.2453 Vo's Fn 1.2487 1.2471 1.2462 WAIS Fn 1.2497 1.2519 1.2452 Weinberger's Fn(MatPak) 6.5169 7.2142 30.6864 Weinberger's Fn(24) 1.3222 1.2791 1.9732 Weinberger's Fn(28) 1.2530 1.2506 1.2439 Looking at this table, it's clear that all of the functions except for the current Java function and the two broken versions of Weinberger's function offer excellent, nearly indistinguishable performance. I strongly conjecture that this performance is essentially the "theoretical ideal", which is what you'd get if you used a true random number generator in place of a hash function. I'd rule out the WAIS function as its specification contains pages of random numbers, and its performance is no better than any of the far simpler functions. Any of the remaining six functions seem like excellent choices, but we have to pick one. I suppose I'd rule out Vo's variant and Weinberger's function because of their added complexity, albeit minor. Of the remaining four, I'd probably select P(31), as it's the cheapest to calculate on a RISC machine (because 31 is the difference of two powers of two). P(33) is similarly cheap to calculate, but it's performance is marginally worse, and 33 is composite, which makes me a bit nervous. Josh

Bloch并没有深入研究这个问题，但我总是听到/相信这是基本的代数。哈希可以归结为乘法和模运算，这意味着如果可以的话，永远不要使用带公因式的数字。换句话说，相对素数提供了答案的均匀分布。

使用哈希的数字通常是:

你放入的数据类型的模量 (2^32或2^64) 哈希表中桶数的模数(变化。在java中，以前是质数，现在是2^n) 在混合函数中乘以或平移一个神奇的数字 输入值

实际上，您只能控制其中的几个值，因此需要多加注意。

通过相乘，位向左移位。这使用了更多哈希码的可用空间，减少了冲突。

通过不使用2的幂，低阶，最右边的位也被填充，与进入散列的下一段数据混合。

表达式n * 31等价于(n << 5) - n。