我想从匹配条件的列表中获得第一项。产生的方法不能处理整个列表，这一点很重要，因为列表可能相当大。例如，以下函数就足够了:
def first(the_iterable, condition = lambda x: True):
for i in the_iterable:
if condition(i):
return i
这个函数可以这样使用:
>>> first(range(10))
0
>>> first(range(10), lambda i: i > 3)
4
但是，我想不出一个好的内置/单行程序来让我这样做。如果没有必要，我不想复制这个函数。是否有一种内置的方法来获取匹配条件的第一项?
当前回答
作为一个可重用、文档化和测试的函数
def first(iterable, condition = lambda x: True):
"""
Returns the first item in the `iterable` that
satisfies the `condition`.
If the condition is not given, returns the first item of
the iterable.
Raises `StopIteration` if no item satysfing the condition is found.
>>> first( (1,2,3), condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
2
>>> first(range(3, 100))
3
>>> first( () )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
"""
return next(x for x in iterable if condition(x))
带有默认参数的版本
@zorf建议这个函数的一个版本，如果可迭代对象为空或没有匹配条件的项，你可以有一个预定义的返回值:
def first(iterable, default = None, condition = lambda x: True):
"""
Returns the first item in the `iterable` that
satisfies the `condition`.
If the condition is not given, returns the first item of
the iterable.
If the `default` argument is given and the iterable is empty,
or if it has no items matching the condition, the `default` argument
is returned if it matches the condition.
The `default` argument being None is the same as it not being given.
Raises `StopIteration` if no item satisfying the condition is found
and default is not given or doesn't satisfy the condition.
>>> first( (1,2,3), condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
2
>>> first(range(3, 100))
3
>>> first( () )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
>>> first([], default=1)
1
>>> first([], default=1, condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
>>> first([1,3,5], default=1, condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
"""
try:
return next(x for x in iterable if condition(x))
except StopIteration:
if default is not None and condition(default):
return default
else:
raise
其他回答
Python 2.6+和Python 3:
如果你想在没有找到匹配的元素时引发StopIteration:
next(x for x in the_iterable if x > 3)
如果你想要返回default_value(例如None):
next((x for x in the_iterable if x > 3), default_value)
注意，在这种情况下，在生成器表达式周围需要一对额外的圆括号-当生成器表达式不是唯一的参数时，就需要它们。
我看到大多数答案都坚决地忽略了下一个内置版本，所以我假设出于某种神秘的原因，他们100%专注于2.5及以上版本——没有提到python版本的问题(但我在回答中没有看到提到下一个内置版本的问题，这就是为什么我认为有必要自己提供一个答案——至少“正确版本”的问题会以这种方式记录下来;-)。
Python <= 2.5
如果迭代器立即结束，迭代器的.next()方法立即引发StopIteration——也就是说，对于您的用例，如果可迭代对象中没有项满足条件。如果你不在乎(也就是说，你知道至少有一个令人满意的项)，那么只需使用.next()(最好用于genexp, Python 2.6或更好的下一个内置代码行)。
如果你真的关心，就像你在Q中第一次指出的那样，将东西包装在函数中似乎是最好的，而你提出的函数实现也很好，你可以选择使用itertools，一个for…: break循环，或genexp，或try/except StopIteration作为函数体，正如各种答案所建议的那样。这些替代方案都没有多少附加价值，所以我会选择你最初提出的极其简单的版本。
作为一个可重用、文档化和测试的函数
def first(iterable, condition = lambda x: True):
"""
Returns the first item in the `iterable` that
satisfies the `condition`.
If the condition is not given, returns the first item of
the iterable.
Raises `StopIteration` if no item satysfing the condition is found.
>>> first( (1,2,3), condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
2
>>> first(range(3, 100))
3
>>> first( () )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
"""
return next(x for x in iterable if condition(x))
带有默认参数的版本
@zorf建议这个函数的一个版本，如果可迭代对象为空或没有匹配条件的项，你可以有一个预定义的返回值:
def first(iterable, default = None, condition = lambda x: True):
"""
Returns the first item in the `iterable` that
satisfies the `condition`.
If the condition is not given, returns the first item of
the iterable.
If the `default` argument is given and the iterable is empty,
or if it has no items matching the condition, the `default` argument
is returned if it matches the condition.
The `default` argument being None is the same as it not being given.
Raises `StopIteration` if no item satisfying the condition is found
and default is not given or doesn't satisfy the condition.
>>> first( (1,2,3), condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
2
>>> first(range(3, 100))
3
>>> first( () )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
>>> first([], default=1)
1
>>> first([], default=1, condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
>>> first([1,3,5], default=1, condition=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
"""
try:
return next(x for x in iterable if condition(x))
except StopIteration:
if default is not None and condition(default):
return default
else:
raise
我知道已经太迟了，但我的回答是:
def find_index(nums, fn):
return next(i for i, x in enumerate(nums) if fn(x))
print(find_index([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda n: n % 2 == 1))
对于不存在下一个内置的旧版本的Python:
(x for x in range(10) if x > 3).next()
下面是三种方法的速度测试。Next()不是最快的方法。
from timeit import default_timer as timer
# Is set irreflexive?
def a():
return frozenset((x3, x3) for x3 in set([x1[x2] for x2 in range(2) for x1 in value]) if (x3, x3) in value) == frozenset()
def b():
return next((False for x1 in value if (x1[0], x1[0]) in value or (x1[1], x1[1]) in value), True)
def c():
for x1 in value:
if (x1[0], x1[0]) in value or (x1[1], x1[1]) in value:
return False
return True
times = 1000000
value = frozenset({(1, 3), (2, 1)})
start_time = timer()
for x in range(times):
a()
print("a(): Calculation ended after " + str(round((timer() - start_time) * 1000) / 1000.0) + " sec")
start_time = timer()
for x in range(times):
b()
print("b(): Calculation ended after " + str(round((timer() - start_time) * 1000) / 1000.0) + " sec")
start_time = timer()
for x in range(times):
c()
print("c(): Calculation ended after " + str(round((timer() - start_time) * 1000) / 1000.0) + " sec")
结果:
Calculation ended after 1.365 sec
Calculation ended after 0.685 sec
Calculation ended after 0.493 sec
