原因之一是可测试性。假设你有这样一个类:

interface HttpLoader {
    String load(String url);
}
interface StringOutput {
    void print(String txt);
}
@Component
class MyBean {
    @Autowired
    MyBean(HttpLoader loader, StringOutput out) {
        out.print(loader.load("http://stackoverflow.com"));
    }
}

如何测试这个bean?例如:

class MyBeanTest {
    public void creatingMyBean_writesStackoverflowPageToOutput() {
        // setup
        String stackOverflowHtml = "dummy";
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();

        // execution
        new MyBean(Collections.singletonMap("https://stackoverflow.com", stackOverflowHtml)::get, result::append);

        // evaluation
        assertEquals(result.toString(), stackOverflowHtml);
    }
}

容易,对吧?

当您仍然依赖于Spring(由于注释)时，您可以在不更改任何代码(只更改注释定义)的情况下删除对Spring的依赖，并且测试开发人员不需要了解Spring的工作原理(也许他应该知道，但是它允许将代码与Spring的工作分开检查和测试)。

在使用ApplicationContext时仍然可以做同样的事情。但是你需要模拟ApplicationContext，这是一个巨大的接口。你要么需要一个虚拟的实现，要么你可以使用一个mock框架，比如Mockito:

@Component
class MyBean {
    @Autowired
    MyBean(ApplicationContext context) {
        HttpLoader loader = context.getBean(HttpLoader.class);
        StringOutput out = context.getBean(StringOutput.class);

        out.print(loader.load("http://stackoverflow.com"));
    }
}
class MyBeanTest {
    public void creatingMyBean_writesStackoverflowPageToOutput() {
        // setup
        String stackOverflowHtml = "dummy";
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        ApplicationContext context = Mockito.mock(ApplicationContext.class);
        Mockito.when(context.getBean(HttpLoader.class))
            .thenReturn(Collections.singletonMap("https://stackoverflow.com", stackOverflowHtml)::get);
        Mockito.when(context.getBean(StringOutput.class)).thenReturn(result::append);

        // execution
        new MyBean(context);

        // evaluation
        assertEquals(result.toString(), stackOverflowHtml);
    }
}

这是很有可能的，但我认为大多数人会同意第一种选择更优雅，使测试更简单。

唯一真正有问题的选项是这个:

@Component
class MyBean {
    @Autowired
    MyBean(StringOutput out) {
        out.print(new HttpLoader().load("http://stackoverflow.com"));
    }
}

测试这个需要付出巨大的努力，否则您的bean将在每次测试时尝试连接到stackoverflow。一旦出现网络故障(或者stackoverflow的管理员由于访问速率过高而阻止了您)，您的测试就会随机失败。

因此，作为结论，我不会说直接使用ApplicationContext是自动错误的，应该不惜一切代价避免。然而，如果有更好的选择(大多数情况下都有)，那么就使用更好的选择。

选择服务定位器而不是控制反转(IoC)的原因是:

Service Locator is much, much easier for other people to following in your code. IoC is 'magic' but maintenance programmers must understand your convoluted Spring configurations and all the myriad of locations to figure out how you wired your objects. IoC is terrible for debugging configuration problems. In certain classes of applications the application will not start when misconfigured and you may not get a chance to step through what is going on with a debugger. IoC is primarily XML based (Annotations improve things but there is still a lot of XML out there). That means developers can't work on your program unless they know all the magic tags defined by Spring. It is not good enough to know Java anymore. This hinders less experience programmers (ie. it is actually poor design to use a more complicated solution when a simpler solution, such as Service Locator, will fulfill the same requirements). Plus, support for diagnosing XML problems is far weaker than support for Java problems. Dependency injection is more suited to larger programs. Most of the time the additional complexity is not worth it. Often Spring is used in case you "might want to change the implementation later". There are other ways of achieving this without the complexity of Spring IoC. For web applications (Java EE WARs) the Spring context is effectively bound at compile time (unless you want operators to grub around the context in the exploded war). You can make Spring use property files, but with servlets property files will need to be at a pre-determined location, which means you can't deploy multiple servlets of the same time on the same box. You can use Spring with JNDI to change properties at servlet startup time, but if you are using JNDI for administrator-modifiable parameters the need for Spring itself lessens (since JNDI is effectively a Service Locator). With Spring you can lose program Control if Spring is dispatching to your methods. This is convenient and works for many types of applications, but not all. You may need to control program flow when you need to create tasks (threads etc) during initialization or need modifiable resources that Spring didn't know about when the content was bound to your WAR.

Spring非常适合事务管理，并且有一些优点。只是IoC在许多情况下会过度设计，给维护者带来不必要的复杂性。不要在没有考虑不使用IoC的情况下自动使用它。

的确，在application-context.xml中包含该类可以避免使用getBean。然而，即使这样，实际上也是不必要的。如果你正在编写一个独立的应用程序，并且你不想在application-context.xml中包含你的驱动程序类，你可以使用下面的代码让Spring自动装配驱动程序的依赖项:

public class AutowireThisDriver {

    private MySpringBean mySpringBean;    

    public static void main(String[] args) {
       AutowireThisDriver atd = new AutowireThisDriver(); //get instance

       ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
                  "/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml"); //get Spring context 

       //the magic: auto-wire the instance with all its dependencies:
       ctx.getAutowireCapableBeanFactory().autowireBeanProperties(atd,
                  AutowireCapableBeanFactory.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE, true);        

       // code that uses mySpringBean ...
       mySpringBean.doStuff() // no need to instantiate - thanks to Spring
    }

    public void setMySpringBean(MySpringBean bean) {
       this.mySpringBean = bean;    
    }
}

当我有一些独立的类需要使用我的应用程序的某些方面(例如测试)时，我需要这样做几次，但我不想将它包含在应用程序上下文中，因为它实际上不是应用程序的一部分。还请注意，这避免了使用字符串名称查找bean的需要，我一直认为这是丑陋的。

使用@Autowired或ApplicationContext.getBean()实际上是一回事。通过这两种方式，您可以获得在您的上下文中配置的bean，并且通过这两种方式，您的代码都依赖于spring。 你唯一应该避免的是实例化你的ApplicationContext。只做一次!换句话说，一条线就像

ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("AppContext.xml");

在应用程序中只应使用一次。

There is another time when using getBean makes sense. If you're reconfiguring a system that already exists, where the dependencies are not explicitly called out in spring context files. You can start the process by putting in calls to getBean, so that you don't have to wire it all up at once. This way you can slowly build up your spring configuration putting each piece in place over time and getting the bits lined up properly. The calls to getBean will eventually be replaced, but as you understand the structure of the code, or lack there of, you can start the process of wiring more and more beans and using fewer and fewer calls to getBean.

你应该使用:ConfigurableApplicationContext而不是for ApplicationContext