它使随机数可预测。 它们都以相同的组合开始，之后的每一次迭代都是相同的。 例子:

Output A: 0, 1, 2
Output B: 1, 3, 5
Output C: 2, 4, 6
Reset seed to 0
Output A: 0, 1, 2
Output B: 1, 3, 5
Output C: 2, 4, 6
Reset seed to 0
Output A: 0, 1, 2
Reset seed to 0
Output A: 0, 1, 2
.
.
.

我希望这对你有所帮助!

Numpy文档中有一个很好的解释: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.15.1/reference/generated/numpy.random.RandomState.html 它指的是梅森扭扭伪随机数发生器。关于算法的更多细节，请访问:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_Twister

设置特定种子值后产生的所有随机数在所有平台/系统中都是相同的。

随机种子指定计算机生成随机数序列时的起始点。

For example, let’s say you wanted to generate a random number in Excel (Note: Excel sets a limit of 9999 for the seed). If you enter a number into the Random Seed box during the process, you’ll be able to use the same set of random numbers again. If you typed “77” into the box, and typed “77” the next time you run the random number generator, Excel will display that same set of random numbers. If you type “99”, you’ll get an entirely different set of numbers. But if you revert back to a seed of 77, then you’ll get the same set of random numbers you started with.

例如，“取一个数x，加上900 +x，然后减去52。”为了使进程开始，您必须指定一个起始数字x(种子)。让我们以77为例:

900 + 77 = 977 减去52 = 925 按照相同的算法，第二个“随机”数将是:

900 + 925 = 1825 减去52 = 1773 这个简单的例子遵循一个模式，但是计算机数字生成背后的算法要复杂得多

如果你每次调用numpy的其他随机函数时都设置np.random.seed(a_fixed_number)，结果将是相同的:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> perm = np.random.permutation(10) 
>>> print perm 
[2 8 4 9 1 6 7 3 0 5]
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> print np.random.permutation(10) 
[2 8 4 9 1 6 7 3 0 5]
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> print np.random.permutation(10) 
[2 8 4 9 1 6 7 3 0 5]
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> print np.random.permutation(10) 
[2 8 4 9 1 6 7 3 0 5]
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> print np.random.rand(4) 
[0.5488135  0.71518937 0.60276338 0.54488318]
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> print np.random.rand(4) 
[0.5488135  0.71518937 0.60276338 0.54488318]

然而，如果你只调用它一次，并使用各种随机函数，结果仍然会不同:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> perm = np.random.permutation(10)
>>> print perm 
[2 8 4 9 1 6 7 3 0 5]
>>> np.random.seed(0) 
>>> print np.random.permutation(10)
[2 8 4 9 1 6 7 3 0 5]
>>> print np.random.permutation(10) 
[3 5 1 2 9 8 0 6 7 4]
>>> print np.random.permutation(10) 
[2 3 8 4 5 1 0 6 9 7]
>>> print np.random.rand(4) 
[0.64817187 0.36824154 0.95715516 0.14035078]
>>> print np.random.rand(4) 
[0.87008726 0.47360805 0.80091075 0.52047748]

如前所述，numpy.random.seed(0)将随机种子设置为0，因此从random获得的伪随机数将从同一点开始。在某些情况下，这有助于调试。然而，经过一些阅读，如果您有线程，这似乎是错误的方法，因为它不是线程安全的。

从differences-between-numpy-random-and-random-random-in-python:

For numpy.random.seed(), the main difficulty is that it is not thread-safe - that is, it's not safe to use if you have many different threads of execution, because it's not guaranteed to work if two different threads are executing the function at the same time. If you're not using threads, and if you can reasonably expect that you won't need to rewrite your program this way in the future, numpy.random.seed() should be fine for testing purposes. If there's any reason to suspect that you may need threads in the future, it's much safer in the long run to do as suggested, and to make a local instance of the numpy.random.Random class. As far as I can tell, random.random.seed() is thread-safe (or at least, I haven't found any evidence to the contrary).

如何做到这一点的例子:

from numpy.random import RandomState
prng = RandomState()
print prng.permutation(10)
prng = RandomState()
print prng.permutation(10)
prng = RandomState(42)
print prng.permutation(10)
prng = RandomState(42)
print prng.permutation(10)

可能给:

[3 0 4 6 8 2 1 9 7 5] [1 6 9 0 2 7 8 3 5 4] [8 1 5 0 7 2 9 4 3 6] [8 1 5 0 7 2 9 4 3 6]

最后，请注意，由于xor的工作方式，在某些情况下初始化为0(而不是所有位都为0的种子)可能会导致一些第一次迭代的不均匀分布，但这取决于算法，超出了我目前的担忧和这个问题的范围。