如果你需要一个来自远程Git存储库的特定分支的特定文件，命令如下:

git archive --remote=git://git.example.com/project.git refs/heads/mybranch path/to/myfile |tar xf -

剩下的可以从@VonC的回答中得到:

如果你需要一个来自主分支的特定文件，它是:

git archive --remote=git://git.example.com/project.git HEAD path/to/myfile |tar xf -

如果你需要一个标签的特定文件，它是:

git archive --remote=git://git.example.com/project.git mytag path/to/myfile |tar xf -

说文件名是123.txt，这对我来说是有效的:

git checkout --theirs  123.txt

如果文件在目录a中，请确保正确地指定它:

git checkout --theirs  "A/123.txt"

通常不可能像第一个回答中建议的那样，只从git下载一个文件，而不下载整个存储库。 这是因为Git不像您想象的那样存储文件(像CVS/SVN那样)，而是根据项目的整个历史生成文件。

但在特定情况下有一些变通办法。下面的例子为用户、项目、分支和文件名设置了占位符。

GitHub

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/user/project/branch/filename

GitLab

wget https://gitlab.com/user/project/raw/branch/filename

GitWeb

如果你在服务器上使用Git - GitWeb，那么你可以在示例中尝试(将其更改为正确的路径):

wget "http://example.com/gitweb/?p=example;a=blob_plain;f=README.txt;hb=HEAD"

GitWeb 和 drupalcode.org

例子:

wget "http://drupalcode.org/project/ads.git/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/README.md"

googlesource.com

有一个未记录的特性允许你下载base64编码的原始文件版本:

curl "https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/net/+/master/http/transport_security_state_static.json?format=TEXT" | base64 --decode

在其他情况下，检查Git存储库是否使用任何web界面。

如果它不使用任何web界面，你可以考虑将你的代码推送到外部服务，如GitHub, Bitbucket等，并将其用作镜像。

如果你没有安装wget，试试curl -O (url)。

从git 2.19克隆过滤器

这个选项实际上会跳过从服务器获取大多数不需要的对象:

git clone --depth 1 --no-checkout --filter=blob:none \
  "file://$(pwd)/server_repo" local_repo
cd local_repo
git checkout master -- mydir/myfile

服务器应该配置:

git config --local uploadpack.allowfilter 1
git config --local uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1

v2.19.0版本没有服务器支持，但是已经可以在本地进行测试。

TODO:——filter=blob:none跳过所有blob，但仍然获取所有树对象。但在正常的回购中，与文件本身相比，这应该很小，所以这已经足够好了。问:https://www.spinics.net/lists/git/msg342006.html开发人员回答——filter=tree:0是在工作中做到这一点。

请记住—深度1已经暗示—单分支，请参见:如何在Git中克隆单个分支?

file://$(path)需要克服git克隆协议的欺骗:如何浅克隆一个本地git存储库与相对路径?

——filter的格式记录在man git-rev-list中。

对Git远程协议进行了扩展以支持此功能。

Git树中的文档:

https://github.com/git/git/blob/v2.19.0/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt https://github.com/git/git/blob/v2.19.0/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt#L720 https://github.com/git/git/blob/v2.19.0/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh

测试一下

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -eu

list-objects() (
  git rev-list --all --objects
  echo "master commit SHA: $(git log -1 --format="%H")"
  echo "mybranch commit SHA: $(git log -1 --format="%H")"
  git ls-tree master
  git ls-tree mybranch | grep mybranch
  git ls-tree master~ | grep root
)

# Reproducibility.
export GIT_COMMITTER_NAME='a'
export GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL='a'
export GIT_AUTHOR_NAME='a'
export GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL='a'
export GIT_COMMITTER_DATE='2000-01-01T00:00:00+0000'
export GIT_AUTHOR_DATE='2000-01-01T00:00:00+0000'

rm -rf server_repo local_repo
mkdir server_repo
cd server_repo

# Create repo.
git init --quiet
git config --local uploadpack.allowfilter 1
git config --local uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1

# First commit.
# Directories present in all branches.
mkdir d1 d2
printf 'd1/a' > ./d1/a
printf 'd1/b' > ./d1/b
printf 'd2/a' > ./d2/a
printf 'd2/b' > ./d2/b
# Present only in root.
mkdir 'root'
printf 'root' > ./root/root
git add .
git commit -m 'root' --quiet

# Second commit only on master.
git rm --quiet -r ./root
mkdir 'master'
printf 'master' > ./master/master
git add .
git commit -m 'master commit' --quiet

# Second commit only on mybranch.
git checkout -b mybranch --quiet master~
git rm --quiet -r ./root
mkdir 'mybranch'
printf 'mybranch' > ./mybranch/mybranch
git add .
git commit -m 'mybranch commit' --quiet

echo "# List and identify all objects"
list-objects
echo

# Restore master.
git checkout --quiet master
cd ..

# Clone. Don't checkout for now, only .git/ dir.
git clone --depth 1 --quiet --no-checkout --filter=blob:none "file://$(pwd)/server_repo" local_repo
cd local_repo

# List missing objects from master.
echo "# Missing objects after --no-checkout"
git rev-list --all --quiet --objects --missing=print
echo

echo "# Git checkout fails without internet"
mv ../server_repo ../server_repo.off
! git checkout master
echo

echo "# Git checkout fetches the missing file from internet"
mv ../server_repo.off ../server_repo
git checkout master -- d1/a
echo

echo "# Missing objects after checking out d1/a"
git rev-list --all --quiet --objects --missing=print

GitHub上游。

Git v2.19.0中的输出:

# List and identify all objects
c6fcdfaf2b1462f809aecdad83a186eeec00f9c1
fc5e97944480982cfc180a6d6634699921ee63ec
7251a83be9a03161acde7b71a8fda9be19f47128
62d67bce3c672fe2b9065f372726a11e57bade7e
b64bf435a3e54c5208a1b70b7bcb0fc627463a75 d1
308150e8fddde043f3dbbb8573abb6af1df96e63 d1/a
f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4 d1/b
84de03c312dc741d0f2a66df7b2f168d823e122a d2
0975df9b39e23c15f63db194df7f45c76528bccb d2/a
41484c13520fcbb6e7243a26fdb1fc9405c08520 d2/b
7d5230379e4652f1b1da7ed1e78e0b8253e03ba3 master
8b25206ff90e9432f6f1a8600f87a7bd695a24af master/master
ef29f15c9a7c5417944cc09711b6a9ee51b01d89
19f7a4ca4a038aff89d803f017f76d2b66063043 mybranch
1b671b190e293aa091239b8b5e8c149411d00523 mybranch/mybranch
c3760bb1a0ece87cdbaf9a563c77a45e30a4e30e
a0234da53ec608b54813b4271fbf00ba5318b99f root
93ca1422a8da0a9effc465eccbcb17e23015542d root/root
master commit SHA: fc5e97944480982cfc180a6d6634699921ee63ec
mybranch commit SHA: fc5e97944480982cfc180a6d6634699921ee63ec
040000 tree b64bf435a3e54c5208a1b70b7bcb0fc627463a75    d1
040000 tree 84de03c312dc741d0f2a66df7b2f168d823e122a    d2
040000 tree 7d5230379e4652f1b1da7ed1e78e0b8253e03ba3    master
040000 tree 19f7a4ca4a038aff89d803f017f76d2b66063043    mybranch
040000 tree a0234da53ec608b54813b4271fbf00ba5318b99f    root

# Missing objects after --no-checkout
?f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4
?8b25206ff90e9432f6f1a8600f87a7bd695a24af
?41484c13520fcbb6e7243a26fdb1fc9405c08520
?0975df9b39e23c15f63db194df7f45c76528bccb
?308150e8fddde043f3dbbb8573abb6af1df96e63

# Git checkout fails without internet
fatal: '/home/ciro/bak/git/test-git-web-interface/other-test-repos/partial-clone.tmp/server_repo' does not appear to be a git repository
fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

Please make sure you have the correct access rights
and the repository exists.

# Git checkout fetches the missing directory from internet
remote: Enumerating objects: 1, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1/1), done.
remote: Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (1/1), 45 bytes | 45.00 KiB/s, done.
remote: Enumerating objects: 1, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1/1), done.
remote: Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (1/1), 45 bytes | 45.00 KiB/s, done.

# Missing objects after checking out d1
?f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4
?8b25206ff90e9432f6f1a8600f87a7bd695a24af
?41484c13520fcbb6e7243a26fdb1fc9405c08520
?0975df9b39e23c15f63db194df7f45c76528bccb

结论:除d1/a外，其余斑点均缺失。例如f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4, d1/b，签出d1/后就没有了。

注意，root/root和mybranch/mybranch也丢失了，但是——depth 1从丢失的文件列表中隐藏了它们。如果你删除-depth 1，那么它们会显示在丢失文件列表中。

是的，你可以通过这个命令下载一个特定的文件

wget -o <DesiredFileName>  <Git FilePath>\?token\=<personalGitToken>

例子

wget -o javascript-test-automation.md https://github.com/akashgupta03/awesome-test-automation/blob/master/javascript-test-automation.md\?token\=<githubPersonalTone>

如果您只需要下载文件，则不需要使用Git签出。

GitHub Mate更容易做到这一点，它是一个Chrome扩展，让你点击文件图标下载它。也是开源的