非常简单:

git checkout from-branch-name -- path/to/the/file/you/want

这将不会签出from-branch-name分支。您将停留在您所在的分支上，并且只有该文件将从指定的分支签出。

下面是git-checkout手册的相关部分

git checkout [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...
       When <paths> or --patch are given, git checkout does not switch
       branches. It updates the named paths in the working tree from the
       index file or from a named <tree-ish> (most often a commit). In
       this case, the -b and --track options are meaningless and giving
       either of them results in an error. The <tree-ish> argument can be
       used to specify a specific tree-ish (i.e. commit, tag or tree) to
       update the index for the given paths before updating the working
       tree.

向Ariejan de Vroom致敬，他在这篇博客文章中教会了我这些。

我没有看到在这里列出的对我有用的东西，所以我将包括它，如果有人在我的情况下。

My situation, I have a remote repository of maybe 10,000 files and I need to build an RPM file for my Linux system. The build of the RPM includes a git clone of everything. All I need is one file to start the RPM build. I can clone the entire source tree which does what I need but it takes an extra two minutes to download all those files when all I need is one. I tried to use the git archive option discussed and I got “fatal: Operation not supported by protocol.” It seems I have to get some sort of archive option enabled on the server and my server is maintained by bureaucratic thugs that seem to enjoy making it difficult to get things done.

最后我进入了bitbucket的网页界面，看到了我需要的一个文件。我右键点击链接下载文件的原始副本，并从弹出的结果中选择“复制快捷方式”。我不能只是下载原始文件，因为我需要自动化操作，而且我的Linux服务器上没有浏览器界面。

为了便于讨论，结果是URL:

https://ourArchive.ourCompany.com/projects/ThisProject/repos/data/raw/foo/bar.spec?at=refs%2Fheads%2FTheBranchOfInterest

我不能直接从bitbucket存储库下载这个文件，因为我需要先登录。经过一番挖掘，我发现这个方法有效: 在Linux上:

echo "myUser:myPass123"| base64
bXlVc2VyOm15UGFzczEyMwo=

curl -H 'Authorization: Basic bXlVc2VyOm15UGFzczEyMwo=' 'https://ourArchive.ourCompany.com/projects/ThisProject/repos/data/raw/foo/bar.spec?at=refs%2Fheads%2FTheBranchOfInterest' > bar.spec

这种组合允许我下载构建其他所有内容所需的一个文件。

这听起来像是你试图从集中式版本控制中继承一个想法，而git本质上不是这样的——它是分布式的。如果你想使用git存储库，你可以克隆它。然后，您就拥有了工作树的所有内容和所有历史记录(好吧，至少是指向当前分支顶端的所有内容)，而不仅仅是单个文件或单个提交的快照。

 git clone /path/to/repo
 git clone git://url/of/repo
 git clone http://url/of/repo

这里是一个完整的解决方案，只拉和推一个特定的文件在git仓库:

首先，你需要克隆git存储库，并给出一个特殊提示——不签出

git clone --no-checkout <git url>

下一步是用下面的命令清除索引中的非暂存文件:

git reset

现在你可以开始拉出你想要修改的文件了:

git checkout origin/master <path to file>

现在，存储库文件夹包含您可以立即开始编辑的文件。编辑完成后，您需要执行简单而熟悉的命令序列。

git add <path to file>
git commit -m <message text>
git push

如果你已经有了一个git回购的副本，你可以使用git日志签出一个文件的版本来找出哈希id(例如3cdc61015724f9965575ba954c8cd4232c8b42e4)，然后你只需输入:

git checkout hash-id path-to-file

下面是一个实际的例子:

git checkout 3cdc61015724f9965575ba954c8cd4232c8b42e4 /var/www/css/page.css

最初，我在2012年git档案中提到(见Jared Forsyth的答案和Robert Knight的答案)，自git1.7.9.5(2012年3月)以来，Paul Brannan的答案是:

git archive --format=tar --remote=origin HEAD:path/to/directory -- filename | tar -O -xf -

但是:在2013年，这对于远程https://github.com url来说已经不可能了。 请参阅旧页面“我可以存档存储库吗?”

当前(2018)页面“关于GitHub上的内容和数据存档”建议使用第三方服务，如GHTorrent或GH Archive。

所以你也可以处理本地拷贝/克隆:

如果您有本回答中提到的裸存储库的本地副本，您也可以执行以下操作，

git --no-pager --git-dir /path/to/bar/repo.git show branch:path/to/file >file

或者你必须首先克隆回购，这意味着你得到完整的历史:

在.git回购中 在工作树中。 但是你可以做一个稀疏签出(如果你使用Git1.7+)，: 启用稀疏签出选项(git config core.)sparsecheckout真的) 在.git/info/sparse-checkout文件中添加您想要看到的内容 重新读取工作树以只显示您需要的内容

要重新阅读工作树:

$ git read-tree -m -u HEAD

这样，您就得到了一个工作树，其中精确地包含了您想要的内容(即使它只有一个文件)。

Richard Gomes指出(在评论中)“如何从git存储库中克隆、获取或稀疏签出单个目录或目录列表?”

避免下载历史记录的bash函数，它检索单个分支并检索所需的文件或目录列表。

在Git 2.40 (Q1 2023)中，通过检查稀疏模式来判断我们是否使用了“锥”模式的逻辑已经收紧，以避免将单个文件命名为指定锥的模式。

参见William Sprent (williams-unity)提交的5842710(2023年1月03日)。 (由Junio C Hamano—gitster—在commit ab85a7d中合并，2023年1月16日)

目录:检查单文件圆锥模式 署名:威廉·斯普伦特 致谢:维多利亚·戴伊

The sparse checkout documentation states that the cone mode pattern set is limited to patterns that either recursively include directories or patterns that match all files in a directory. In the sparse checkout file, the former manifest in the form: /A/B/C/ while the latter become a pair of patterns either in the form: /A/B/ !/A/B/*/ or in the special case of matching the toplevel files: /* !/*/ The 'add_pattern_to_hashsets()' function contains checks which serve to disable cone-mode when non-cone patterns are encountered. However, these do not catch when the pattern list attempts to match a single file or directory, e.g. a pattern in the form: /A/B/C This causes sparse-checkout to exhibit unexpected behaviour when such a pattern is in the sparse-checkout file and cone mode is enabled. Concretely, with the pattern like the above, sparse-checkout, in non-cone mode, will only include the directory or file located at '/A/B/C'. However, with cone mode enabled, sparse-checkout will instead just manifest the toplevel files but not any file located at '/A/B/C'. Relatedly, issues occur when supplying the same kind of filter when partial cloning with '--filter=sparse:oid=<oid>'. 'upload-pack' will correctly just include the objects that match the non-cone pattern matching. Which means that checking out the newly cloned repo with the same filter, but with cone mode enabled, fails due to missing objects. To fix these issues, add a cone mode pattern check that asserts that every pattern is either a directory match or the pattern '/*'. Add a test to verify the new pattern check and modify another to reflect that non-directory patterns are caught earlier.