如果您只需要下载文件，则不需要使用Git签出。

GitHub Mate更容易做到这一点，它是一个Chrome扩展，让你点击文件图标下载它。也是开源的

最小的指南

Git checkout——<filename>

裁判:https://git-scm.com/docs/git-checkout

Dup:在Git中撤销一个文件的工作副本修改?

在GIT 1.7.2.2中工作

例如，你有一个带有分支branch1和branch32的远程some_remote

所以要签出一个特定的文件，你可以调用这些命令:

git checkout remote/branch path/to/file

举个例子，大概是这样的

git checkout some_remote/branch32 conf/en/myscript.conf
git checkout some_remote/branch1 conf/fr/load.wav

这个检出命令将整个文件结构conf/en和conf/fr复制到当前目录，在这里您调用这些命令(当然，我假设您在之前的某个时候运行了git init)

我没有看到在这里列出的对我有用的东西，所以我将包括它，如果有人在我的情况下。

My situation, I have a remote repository of maybe 10,000 files and I need to build an RPM file for my Linux system. The build of the RPM includes a git clone of everything. All I need is one file to start the RPM build. I can clone the entire source tree which does what I need but it takes an extra two minutes to download all those files when all I need is one. I tried to use the git archive option discussed and I got “fatal: Operation not supported by protocol.” It seems I have to get some sort of archive option enabled on the server and my server is maintained by bureaucratic thugs that seem to enjoy making it difficult to get things done.

最后我进入了bitbucket的网页界面，看到了我需要的一个文件。我右键点击链接下载文件的原始副本，并从弹出的结果中选择“复制快捷方式”。我不能只是下载原始文件，因为我需要自动化操作，而且我的Linux服务器上没有浏览器界面。

为了便于讨论，结果是URL:

https://ourArchive.ourCompany.com/projects/ThisProject/repos/data/raw/foo/bar.spec?at=refs%2Fheads%2FTheBranchOfInterest

我不能直接从bitbucket存储库下载这个文件，因为我需要先登录。经过一番挖掘，我发现这个方法有效: 在Linux上:

echo "myUser:myPass123"| base64
bXlVc2VyOm15UGFzczEyMwo=

curl -H 'Authorization: Basic bXlVc2VyOm15UGFzczEyMwo=' 'https://ourArchive.ourCompany.com/projects/ThisProject/repos/data/raw/foo/bar.spec?at=refs%2Fheads%2FTheBranchOfInterest' > bar.spec

这种组合允许我下载构建其他所有内容所需的一个文件。

你可以通过

git archive --format=tar --remote=origin HEAD | tar xf -
git archive --format=tar --remote=origin HEAD <file> | tar xf -

从git 2.19克隆过滤器

这个选项实际上会跳过从服务器获取大多数不需要的对象:

git clone --depth 1 --no-checkout --filter=blob:none \
  "file://$(pwd)/server_repo" local_repo
cd local_repo
git checkout master -- mydir/myfile

服务器应该配置:

git config --local uploadpack.allowfilter 1
git config --local uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1

v2.19.0版本没有服务器支持，但是已经可以在本地进行测试。

TODO:——filter=blob:none跳过所有blob，但仍然获取所有树对象。但在正常的回购中，与文件本身相比，这应该很小，所以这已经足够好了。问:https://www.spinics.net/lists/git/msg342006.html开发人员回答——filter=tree:0是在工作中做到这一点。

请记住—深度1已经暗示—单分支，请参见:如何在Git中克隆单个分支?

file://$(path)需要克服git克隆协议的欺骗:如何浅克隆一个本地git存储库与相对路径?

——filter的格式记录在man git-rev-list中。

对Git远程协议进行了扩展以支持此功能。

Git树中的文档:

https://github.com/git/git/blob/v2.19.0/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt https://github.com/git/git/blob/v2.19.0/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt#L720 https://github.com/git/git/blob/v2.19.0/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh

测试一下

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -eu

list-objects() (
  git rev-list --all --objects
  echo "master commit SHA: $(git log -1 --format="%H")"
  echo "mybranch commit SHA: $(git log -1 --format="%H")"
  git ls-tree master
  git ls-tree mybranch | grep mybranch
  git ls-tree master~ | grep root
)

# Reproducibility.
export GIT_COMMITTER_NAME='a'
export GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL='a'
export GIT_AUTHOR_NAME='a'
export GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL='a'
export GIT_COMMITTER_DATE='2000-01-01T00:00:00+0000'
export GIT_AUTHOR_DATE='2000-01-01T00:00:00+0000'

rm -rf server_repo local_repo
mkdir server_repo
cd server_repo

# Create repo.
git init --quiet
git config --local uploadpack.allowfilter 1
git config --local uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1

# First commit.
# Directories present in all branches.
mkdir d1 d2
printf 'd1/a' > ./d1/a
printf 'd1/b' > ./d1/b
printf 'd2/a' > ./d2/a
printf 'd2/b' > ./d2/b
# Present only in root.
mkdir 'root'
printf 'root' > ./root/root
git add .
git commit -m 'root' --quiet

# Second commit only on master.
git rm --quiet -r ./root
mkdir 'master'
printf 'master' > ./master/master
git add .
git commit -m 'master commit' --quiet

# Second commit only on mybranch.
git checkout -b mybranch --quiet master~
git rm --quiet -r ./root
mkdir 'mybranch'
printf 'mybranch' > ./mybranch/mybranch
git add .
git commit -m 'mybranch commit' --quiet

echo "# List and identify all objects"
list-objects
echo

# Restore master.
git checkout --quiet master
cd ..

# Clone. Don't checkout for now, only .git/ dir.
git clone --depth 1 --quiet --no-checkout --filter=blob:none "file://$(pwd)/server_repo" local_repo
cd local_repo

# List missing objects from master.
echo "# Missing objects after --no-checkout"
git rev-list --all --quiet --objects --missing=print
echo

echo "# Git checkout fails without internet"
mv ../server_repo ../server_repo.off
! git checkout master
echo

echo "# Git checkout fetches the missing file from internet"
mv ../server_repo.off ../server_repo
git checkout master -- d1/a
echo

echo "# Missing objects after checking out d1/a"
git rev-list --all --quiet --objects --missing=print

GitHub上游。

Git v2.19.0中的输出:

# List and identify all objects
c6fcdfaf2b1462f809aecdad83a186eeec00f9c1
fc5e97944480982cfc180a6d6634699921ee63ec
7251a83be9a03161acde7b71a8fda9be19f47128
62d67bce3c672fe2b9065f372726a11e57bade7e
b64bf435a3e54c5208a1b70b7bcb0fc627463a75 d1
308150e8fddde043f3dbbb8573abb6af1df96e63 d1/a
f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4 d1/b
84de03c312dc741d0f2a66df7b2f168d823e122a d2
0975df9b39e23c15f63db194df7f45c76528bccb d2/a
41484c13520fcbb6e7243a26fdb1fc9405c08520 d2/b
7d5230379e4652f1b1da7ed1e78e0b8253e03ba3 master
8b25206ff90e9432f6f1a8600f87a7bd695a24af master/master
ef29f15c9a7c5417944cc09711b6a9ee51b01d89
19f7a4ca4a038aff89d803f017f76d2b66063043 mybranch
1b671b190e293aa091239b8b5e8c149411d00523 mybranch/mybranch
c3760bb1a0ece87cdbaf9a563c77a45e30a4e30e
a0234da53ec608b54813b4271fbf00ba5318b99f root
93ca1422a8da0a9effc465eccbcb17e23015542d root/root
master commit SHA: fc5e97944480982cfc180a6d6634699921ee63ec
mybranch commit SHA: fc5e97944480982cfc180a6d6634699921ee63ec
040000 tree b64bf435a3e54c5208a1b70b7bcb0fc627463a75    d1
040000 tree 84de03c312dc741d0f2a66df7b2f168d823e122a    d2
040000 tree 7d5230379e4652f1b1da7ed1e78e0b8253e03ba3    master
040000 tree 19f7a4ca4a038aff89d803f017f76d2b66063043    mybranch
040000 tree a0234da53ec608b54813b4271fbf00ba5318b99f    root

# Missing objects after --no-checkout
?f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4
?8b25206ff90e9432f6f1a8600f87a7bd695a24af
?41484c13520fcbb6e7243a26fdb1fc9405c08520
?0975df9b39e23c15f63db194df7f45c76528bccb
?308150e8fddde043f3dbbb8573abb6af1df96e63

# Git checkout fails without internet
fatal: '/home/ciro/bak/git/test-git-web-interface/other-test-repos/partial-clone.tmp/server_repo' does not appear to be a git repository
fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

Please make sure you have the correct access rights
and the repository exists.

# Git checkout fetches the missing directory from internet
remote: Enumerating objects: 1, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1/1), done.
remote: Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (1/1), 45 bytes | 45.00 KiB/s, done.
remote: Enumerating objects: 1, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1/1), done.
remote: Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (1/1), 45 bytes | 45.00 KiB/s, done.

# Missing objects after checking out d1
?f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4
?8b25206ff90e9432f6f1a8600f87a7bd695a24af
?41484c13520fcbb6e7243a26fdb1fc9405c08520
?0975df9b39e23c15f63db194df7f45c76528bccb

结论:除d1/a外，其余斑点均缺失。例如f70a17f51b7b30fec48a32e4f19ac15e261fd1a4, d1/b，签出d1/后就没有了。

注意，root/root和mybranch/mybranch也丢失了，但是——depth 1从丢失的文件列表中隐藏了它们。如果你删除-depth 1，那么它们会显示在丢失文件列表中。