通过一个简单的例子可以看出硬链接和符号链接之间的区别。指向文件的硬链接将指向存储文件的位置，或者指向该文件的inode。符号链接将指向实际文件本身。

因此，如果我们有一个名为“a”的文件，并创建一个硬链接“b”和一个符号链接“c”，它们都指向文件“a”:

echo "111" > a
ln a b
ln -s a c

“a”，“b”和“c”的输出将是:

cat a --> 111
cat b --> 111
cat c --> 111

现在让我们删除文件“a”，看看“a”，“b”和“c”的输出会发生什么:

rm a
cat a --> No such file or directory
cat b --> 111
cat c --> No such file or directory

到底发生了什么?

因为文件“c”指向文件“a”本身，如果文件“a”被删除，那么文件“c”将没有什么可指向的，实际上它也被删除了。

但是，文件“b”指向文件“a”的存储位置或inode。因此，如果文件“a”被删除，那么它将不再指向inode，但由于文件“b”被删除，inode将继续存储属于“a”的任何内容，直到不再有硬链接指向它。

在进行增量备份时，硬链接非常有用。例如，请参阅rsnapshot。这个想法是使用硬链接进行复制:

拷贝备份号n到n + 1 拷贝备份n - 1到n .．. 拷贝备份0到备份1 用任何更改过的文件更新备份0。

除了您所做的任何更改之外，新的备份不会占用任何额外的空间，因为所有增量备份都将指向未更改的文件的同一组inode。

符号链接链接到路径名。它可以在系统文件树中的任何位置，甚至在创建链接时不需要存在。目标路径可以是相对路径，也可以是绝对路径。

硬链接是指向inode的附加指针，这意味着它们只能存在于与目标相同的卷上。到文件的附加硬链接与用于引用文件的“原始”名称难以区分。

What you think of as an ordinary "file" is actually two separate things: The data of a file, and a directory entry. When you create a hard link for a file, you actually create a second directory entry which refers to the same data. Both directory entries have the exact same functionality; each one can be used to open the file to read it. So you don't really have "a file plus a hard link", you have "file data with two directory entries". What you think of as deleting a file actually deletes a directory entry, and when the last directory entry for the data is deleted, then the data itself is deleted as well. For ordinary files that have only one directory entry, deleting the directory entry will delete the data as always. (While a file is opened, the OS creates a temporary link to the file, so even when you delete all directory entries, the data stays but disappears as soon as you close the file).

例如，创建文件a .txt，硬链接B.txt，然后删除a .txt。当您创建a .txt时，会创建一些数据，并创建一个目录条目a .txt。在创建硬链接时，创建了另一个目录条目B.txt，指向完全相同的数据。当您删除a .txt时，您仍然拥有所有数据和一个目录条目B.txt，就像您首先创建了一个文件B.txt一样。

软链接只是一个(几乎)普通的文件，只是它不包含数据，而是另一个目录条目的路径。如果你删除了软链接所指向的文件，那么软链接将包含一个不再指向目录条目的路径;它坏了。如果你删除软链接，就像删除任何其他文件一样，它指向的文件不受影响。

当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

硬链接和软链接可以很容易地用这张图来解释。