如何在Python中创建类(即静态)变量或方法?


当前回答

用这种方式,静态变量是在用户定义的类出现时创建的,

class Student:

    the correct way of static declaration
    i = 10

    incorrect
    self.i = 10

其他回答

您还可以向类动态添加类变量

>>> class X:
...     pass
... 
>>> X.bar = 0
>>> x = X()
>>> x.bar
0
>>> x.foo
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<interactive input>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: X instance has no attribute 'foo'
>>> X.foo = 1
>>> x.foo
1

类实例可以更改类变量

class X:
  l = []
  def __init__(self):
    self.l.append(1)

print X().l
print X().l

>python test.py
[1]
[1, 1]

可以使用静态类变量,但可能不值得这样做。

这里有一个用Python 3编写的概念证明——如果任何确切的细节都是错误的,那么可以对代码进行调整,以匹配静态变量所指的任何内容:


class Static:
    def __init__(self, value, doc=None):
        self.deleted = False
        self.value = value
        self.__doc__ = doc
    def __get__(self, inst, cls=None):
        if self.deleted:
            raise AttributeError('Attribute not set')
        return self.value
    def __set__(self, inst, value):
        self.deleted = False
        self.value = value
    def __delete__(self, inst):
        self.deleted = True

class StaticType(type):
    def __delattr__(cls, name):
        obj = cls.__dict__.get(name)
        if isinstance(obj, Static):
            obj.__delete__(name)
        else:
            super(StaticType, cls).__delattr__(name)
    def __getattribute__(cls, *args):
        obj = super(StaticType, cls).__getattribute__(*args)
        if isinstance(obj, Static):
            obj = obj.__get__(cls, cls.__class__)
        return obj
    def __setattr__(cls, name, val):
        # check if object already exists
        obj = cls.__dict__.get(name)
        if isinstance(obj, Static):
            obj.__set__(name, val)
        else:
            super(StaticType, cls).__setattr__(name, val)

使用中:

class MyStatic(metaclass=StaticType):
    """
    Testing static vars
    """
    a = Static(9)
    b = Static(12)
    c = 3

class YourStatic(MyStatic):
    d = Static('woo hoo')
    e = Static('doo wop')

以及一些测试:

ms1 = MyStatic()
ms2 = MyStatic()
ms3 = MyStatic()
assert ms1.a == ms2.a == ms3.a == MyStatic.a
assert ms1.b == ms2.b == ms3.b == MyStatic.b
assert ms1.c == ms2.c == ms3.c == MyStatic.c
ms1.a = 77
assert ms1.a == ms2.a == ms3.a == MyStatic.a
ms2.b = 99
assert ms1.b == ms2.b == ms3.b == MyStatic.b
MyStatic.a = 101
assert ms1.a == ms2.a == ms3.a == MyStatic.a
MyStatic.b = 139
assert ms1.b == ms2.b == ms3.b == MyStatic.b
del MyStatic.b
for inst in (ms1, ms2, ms3):
    try:
        getattr(inst, 'b')
    except AttributeError:
        pass
    else:
        print('AttributeError not raised on %r' % attr)
ms1.c = 13
ms2.c = 17
ms3.c = 19
assert ms1.c == 13
assert ms2.c == 17
assert ms3.c == 19
MyStatic.c = 43
assert ms1.c == 13
assert ms2.c == 17
assert ms3.c == 19

ys1 = YourStatic()
ys2 = YourStatic()
ys3 = YourStatic()
MyStatic.b = 'burgler'
assert ys1.a == ys2.a == ys3.a == YourStatic.a == MyStatic.a
assert ys1.b == ys2.b == ys3.b == YourStatic.b == MyStatic.b
assert ys1.d == ys2.d == ys3.d == YourStatic.d
assert ys1.e == ys2.e == ys3.e == YourStatic.e
ys1.a = 'blah'
assert ys1.a == ys2.a == ys3.a == YourStatic.a == MyStatic.a
ys2.b = 'kelp'
assert ys1.b == ys2.b == ys3.b == YourStatic.b == MyStatic.b
ys1.d = 'fee'
assert ys1.d == ys2.d == ys3.d == YourStatic.d
ys2.e = 'fie'
assert ys1.e == ys2.e == ys3.e == YourStatic.e
MyStatic.a = 'aargh'
assert ys1.a == ys2.a == ys3.a == YourStatic.a == MyStatic.a

关于这个答案,对于常量静态变量,可以使用描述符。下面是一个示例:

class ConstantAttribute(object):
    '''You can initialize my value but not change it.'''
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
        return self.value

    def __set__(self, obj, val):
        pass


class Demo(object):
    x = ConstantAttribute(10)


class SubDemo(Demo):
    x = 10


demo = Demo()
subdemo = SubDemo()
# should not change
demo.x = 100
# should change
subdemo.x = 100
print "small demo", demo.x
print "small subdemo", subdemo.x
print "big demo", Demo.x
print "big subdemo", SubDemo.x

导致。。。

small demo 10
small subdemo 100
big demo 10
big subdemo 10

如果您不喜欢忽略设置值(上面的传递),您总是可以引发异常。如果您正在寻找C++、Java风格的静态类变量:

class StaticAttribute(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
        return self.value

    def __set__(self, obj, val):
        self.value = val

请查看此答案和HOWTO官方文件,以了解有关描述符的更多信息。

所以这可能是一个黑客,但我一直在使用eval(str)来获取一个静态对象,这有点矛盾,在python 3中。

有一个Records.py文件,除了用保存一些参数的静态方法和构造函数定义的类对象外,它什么都没有。然后从另一个.py文件导入Records,但我需要动态选择每个对象,然后根据读入的数据类型按需实例化它。

因此,在object_name=“RecordOne”或类名的情况下,我调用cur_type=eval(object_name),然后要实例化它,请执行cur_inst=cur_type(args)然而,在实例化之前,您可以从cur_type.getName()调用静态方法,例如,类似于抽象基类实现或任何目标。然而,在后端,它可能是在python中实例化的,并不是真正静态的,因为eval返回一个对象。。。。必须已实例化。。。。这会产生类似静态的行为。

在类定义中声明但不在方法中声明的变量是类或静态变量:

>>> class MyClass:
...     i = 3
...
>>> MyClass.i
3 

正如@millerdev所指出的,这会创建一个类级别i变量,但这与任何实例级别i变量都不同,因此您可以

>>> m = MyClass()
>>> m.i = 4
>>> MyClass.i, m.i
>>> (3, 4)

这与C++和Java不同,但与C#没有太大区别,在C#中,不能使用对实例的引用来访问静态成员。

看看Python教程对类和类对象的主题有什么看法。

@Steve Johnson已经回答了静态方法的问题,也在Python库参考中的“内置函数”中进行了说明。

class C:
    @staticmethod
    def f(arg1, arg2, ...): ...

@beidy推荐classmethods而不是staticmethod,因为该方法随后会接收类类型作为第一个参数。