从技术上讲，这是正确的——只有'eval'不会派生另一个shell。然而，从您试图在修改后的环境中运行的应用程序的角度来看，差异为零:子进程继承其父进程的环境，因此(修改后的)环境被传递给所有下行进程。

事实上，只要你在父程序/shell下运行，更改的环境变量就会“保持不变”。

If it is absolutely necessary for the environment variable to remain after the parent (Perl or shell) has exited, it is necessary for the parent shell to do the heavy lifting. One method I've seen in the documentation is for the current script to spawn an executable file with the necessary 'export' language, and then trick the parent shell into executing it -- always being cognizant of the fact that you need to preface the command with 'source' if you're trying to leave a non-volatile version of the modified environment behind. A Kluge at best.

The second method is to modify the script that initiates the shell environment (.bashrc or whatever) to contain the modified parameter. This can be dangerous -- if you hose up the initialization script it may make your shell unavailable the next time it tries to launch. There are plenty of tools for modifying the current shell; by affixing the necessary tweaks to the 'launcher' you effectively push those changes forward as well. Generally not a good idea; if you only need the environment changes for a particular application suite, you'll have to go back and return the shell launch script to its pristine state (using vi or whatever) afterwards.

简而言之，没有好的(简单的)方法。想必这很难确保系统的安全性不会受到不可挽回的损害。

从技术上讲，这是正确的——只有'eval'不会派生另一个shell。然而，从您试图在修改后的环境中运行的应用程序的角度来看，差异为零:子进程继承其父进程的环境，因此(修改后的)环境被传递给所有下行进程。

事实上，只要你在父程序/shell下运行，更改的环境变量就会“保持不变”。

If it is absolutely necessary for the environment variable to remain after the parent (Perl or shell) has exited, it is necessary for the parent shell to do the heavy lifting. One method I've seen in the documentation is for the current script to spawn an executable file with the necessary 'export' language, and then trick the parent shell into executing it -- always being cognizant of the fact that you need to preface the command with 'source' if you're trying to leave a non-volatile version of the modified environment behind. A Kluge at best.

The second method is to modify the script that initiates the shell environment (.bashrc or whatever) to contain the modified parameter. This can be dangerous -- if you hose up the initialization script it may make your shell unavailable the next time it tries to launch. There are plenty of tools for modifying the current shell; by affixing the necessary tweaks to the 'launcher' you effectively push those changes forward as well. Generally not a good idea; if you only need the environment changes for a particular application suite, you'll have to go back and return the shell launch script to its pristine state (using vi or whatever) afterwards.

简而言之，没有好的(简单的)方法。想必这很难确保系统的安全性不会受到不可挽回的损害。

我创建了一个解决方案使用管道，eval和信号。

parent() {
    if [ -z "$G_EVAL_FD" ]; then
            die 1 "Rode primeiro parent_setup no processo pai"
    fi
    if [ $(ppid) = "$$" ]; then
            "$@"
    else
            kill -SIGUSR1 $$
            echo "$@">&$G_EVAL_FD
    fi
}
parent_setup() {
    G_EVAL_FD=99
    tempfile=$(mktemp -u)
    mkfifo "$tempfile"
    eval "exec $G_EVAL_FD<>'$tempfile'"
    rm -f "$tempfile"
    trap "read CMD <&$G_EVAL_FD; eval \"\$CMD\"" USR1
}
parent_setup #on parent shell context
( A=1 ); echo $A # prints nothing
( parent A=1 ); echo $A # prints 1

它可能适用于任何命令。

您应该使用模块，参见http://modules.sourceforge.net/

编辑:模块包自2012年以来没有更新，但仍然可以正常工作。所有的新功能，铃声和口哨都发生在今天的lmod(我更喜欢它):https://www.tacc.utexas.edu/research-development/tacc-projects/lmod

在我的.bash_profile我有:

# No Proxy
function noproxy
{
    /usr/local/sbin/noproxy  #turn off proxy server
    unset http_proxy HTTP_PROXY https_proxy HTTPs_PROXY
}


# Proxy
function setproxy
{
    sh /usr/local/sbin/proxyon  #turn on proxy server 
    http_proxy=http://127.0.0.1:8118/
    HTTP_PROXY=$http_proxy
    https_proxy=$http_proxy
    HTTPS_PROXY=$https_proxy
    export http_proxy https_proxy HTTP_PROXY HTTPS_PROXY
}

当我想禁用代理时， 函数在登录shell中运行并设置变量 正如预期和希望的那样。

这是有效的-这不是我要用的，但它“有效”。让我们创建一个脚本teredo来设置环境变量TEREDO_WORMS:

#!/bin/ksh
export TEREDO_WORMS=ukelele
exec $SHELL -i

它将由Korn shell解释，导出环境变量，然后用一个新的交互式shell替换自身。

在运行这个脚本之前，我们将环境中的SHELL设置为C SHELL，并且没有设置环境变量TEREDO_WORMS:

% env | grep SHELL
SHELL=/bin/csh
% env | grep TEREDO
%

当脚本运行时，你在一个新的shell中，另一个交互式C shell，但环境变量是设置的:

% teredo
% env | grep TEREDO
TEREDO_WORMS=ukelele
%

当你退出这个外壳时，原来的外壳接管:

% exit
% env | grep TEREDO
%

在原始shell的环境中没有设置环境变量。如果您使用exec teredo来运行该命令，那么原来的交互式shell将被设置环境的Korn shell所取代，然后依次被一个新的交互式C shell所取代:

% exec teredo
% env | grep TEREDO
TEREDO_WORMS=ukelele
%

如果您键入exit(或Control-D)，那么您的shell将退出，可能会让您退出该窗口，或者将您带回到实验开始的前一层shell。

同样的机制也适用于Bash或Korn shell。您可能会发现退出命令之后的提示符出现在有趣的地方。

请注意评论中的讨论。这不是我推荐的解决方案，但它确实实现了单一脚本的目的，即设置与所有shell(接受-i选项以生成交互式shell)一起工作的环境。您还可以在选项后面添加“$@”以中继任何其他参数，这可能会使shell可用作通用的“设置环境和执行命令”工具。如果有其他参数，你可能想要省略-i，导致:

#!/bin/ksh
export TEREDO_WORMS=ukelele
exec $SHELL "${@-'-i'}"

“${@-'-i'}”位表示“如果参数列表包含至少一个参数，则使用原始参数列表;否则，用-i代替不存在的参数'。