如前所述，使用obj。__dict__可以处理常见情况，但有些类没有__dict__属性，而使用__slots__(主要是为了提高内存效率)。

举个更有弹性的例子:

class A(object):
    __slots__ = ('x', 'y', )
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y


class B(object):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y


def get_object_attrs(obj):
    try:
        return obj.__dict__
    except AttributeError:
        return {attr: getattr(obj, attr) for attr in obj.__slots__}


a = A(1,2)
b = B(1,2)
assert not hasattr(a, '__dict__')

print(get_object_attrs(a))
print(get_object_attrs(b))

这段代码的输出:

{'x': 1, 'y': 2}
{'x': 1, 'y': 2}

注一: Python是一种动态语言，它总是更好地了解你试图从中获取属性的类，因为即使这些代码也可能错过一些情况。

注2: 这段代码只输出实例变量，这意味着不提供类变量。例如:

class A(object):
    url = 'http://stackoverflow.com'
    def __init__(self, path):
        self.path = path

print(A('/questions').__dict__)

代码输出:

{'path': '/questions'}

这段代码不打印url类属性，可能会省略所需的类属性。 有时，我们可能认为属性是实例成员，但它不是，也不会在本例中显示。

dir(instance)
# or (same value)
instance.__dir__()
# or
instance.__dict__

然后可以用type()测试类型是什么，或者用callable()测试是否为方法。

你要这个干什么?如果不知道你的确切意图，可能很难得到最好的答案。

It is almost always better to do this manually if you want to display an instance of your class in a specific way. This will include exactly what you want and not include what you don't want, and the order will be predictable. If you are looking for a way to display the content of a class, manually format the attributes you care about and provide this as the __str__ or __repr__ method for your class. If you want to learn about what methods and such exist for an object to understand how it works, use help. help(a) will show you a formatted output about the object's class based on its docstrings. dir exists for programatically getting all the attributes of an object. (Accessing __dict__ does something I would group as the same but that I wouldn't use myself.) However, this may not include things you want and it may include things you do not want. It is unreliable and people think they want it a lot more often than they do. On a somewhat orthogonal note, there is very little support for Python 3 at the current time. If you are interested in writing real software you are going to want third-party stuff like numpy, lxml, Twisted, PIL, or any number of web frameworks that do not yet support Python 3 and do not have plans to any time too soon. The differences between 2.6 and the 3.x branch are small, but the difference in library support is huge.

请参见以下Python shell脚本执行顺序，它将给出从创建类到提取实例字段名的解决方案。

>>> class Details:
...       def __init__(self,name,age):
...           self.name=name
...           self.age =age
...       def show_details(self):
...           if self.name:
...              print "Name : ",self.name
...           else:
...              print "Name : ","_"
...           if self.age:
...              if self.age>0:
...                 print "Age  : ",self.age
...              else:
...                 print "Age can't be -ve"
...           else:
...              print "Age  : ","_"
... 
>>> my_details = Details("Rishikesh",24)
>>> 
>>> print my_details
<__main__.Details instance at 0x10e2e77e8>
>>> 
>>> print my_details.name
Rishikesh
>>> print my_details.age
24
>>> 
>>> my_details.show_details()
Name :  Rishikesh
Age  :  24
>>> 
>>> person1 = Details("",34)
>>> person1.name
''
>>> person1.age
34
>>> person1.show_details
<bound method Details.show_details of <__main__.Details instance at 0x10e2e7758>>
>>> 
>>> person1.show_details()
Name :  _
Age  :  34
>>>
>>> person2 = Details("Rob Pike",0)
>>> person2.name
'Rob Pike'
>>> 
>>> person2.age
0
>>> 
>>> person2.show_details()
Name :  Rob Pike
Age  :  _
>>> 
>>> person3 = Details("Rob Pike",-45)
>>> 
>>> person3.name
'Rob Pike'
>>> 
>>> person3.age
-45
>>> 
>>> person3.show_details()
Name :  Rob Pike
Age can't be -ve
>>>
>>> person3.__dict__
{'age': -45, 'name': 'Rob Pike'}
>>>
>>> person3.__dict__.keys()
['age', 'name']
>>>
>>> person3.__dict__.values()
[-45, 'Rob Pike']
>>>

>>> class new_class():
...   def __init__(self, number):
...     self.multi = int(number) * 2
...     self.str = str(number)
... 
>>> a = new_class(2)
>>> a.__dict__
{'multi': 4, 'str': '2'}
>>> a.__dict__.keys()
dict_keys(['multi', 'str'])

您可能还会发现pprint有帮助。

除了这些答案之外，我还将包括一个函数(python 3)，用于输出任何值的几乎整个结构。它使用dir来建立属性名的完整列表，然后对每个名称使用getattr。它会显示值的每个成员的类型，如果可能的话还会显示整个成员:

import json

def get_info(obj):

  type_name = type(obj).__name__
  print('Value is of type {}!'.format(type_name))
  prop_names = dir(obj)

  for prop_name in prop_names:
    prop_val = getattr(obj, prop_name)
    prop_val_type_name = type(prop_val).__name__
    print('{} has property "{}" of type "{}"'.format(type_name, prop_name, prop_val_type_name))

    try:
      val_as_str = json.dumps([ prop_val ], indent=2)[1:-1]
      print('  Here\'s the {} value: {}'.format(prop_name, val_as_str))
    except:
      pass

现在，以下任何一项都应该让你有所了解:

get_info(None)
get_info('hello')

import numpy
get_info(numpy)
# ... etc.