dir(instance)
# or (same value)
instance.__dir__()
# or
instance.__dict__

然后可以用type()测试类型是什么，或者用callable()测试是否为方法。

使用__dict__或vars是无效的，因为它会遗漏__slots__。 使用__dict__和__slots__不能工作，因为它从基类中遗漏了__slots__。 使用dir不能工作，因为它包含类属性，如方法或属性，以及对象属性。 使用vars相当于使用__dict__。

这是我最好的:

from typing import Dict

def get_attrs( x : object ) -> Dict[str, object]:
    mro      = type( x ).mro()
    attrs    = { }
    has_dict = False
    sentinel = object()

    for klass in mro:
        for slot in getattr( klass, "__slots__", () ):
            v = getattr( x, slot, sentinel )

            if v is sentinel:
                continue

            if slot == "__dict__":
                assert not has_dict, "Multiple __dicts__?"
                attrs.update( v )
                has_dict = True
            else:
                attrs[slot] = v

    if not has_dict:
        attrs.update( getattr( x, "__dict__", { } ) )

    return attrs

上面所有的答案都是正确的，你有三个选项可以选择

dir () vars () __dict__

>>> dir(a)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'multi', 'str']
>>> vars(a)
{'multi': 4, 'str': '2'}
>>> a.__dict__
{'multi': 4, 'str': '2'}

你要这个干什么?如果不知道你的确切意图，可能很难得到最好的答案。

It is almost always better to do this manually if you want to display an instance of your class in a specific way. This will include exactly what you want and not include what you don't want, and the order will be predictable. If you are looking for a way to display the content of a class, manually format the attributes you care about and provide this as the __str__ or __repr__ method for your class. If you want to learn about what methods and such exist for an object to understand how it works, use help. help(a) will show you a formatted output about the object's class based on its docstrings. dir exists for programatically getting all the attributes of an object. (Accessing __dict__ does something I would group as the same but that I wouldn't use myself.) However, this may not include things you want and it may include things you do not want. It is unreliable and people think they want it a lot more often than they do. On a somewhat orthogonal note, there is very little support for Python 3 at the current time. If you are interested in writing real software you are going to want third-party stuff like numpy, lxml, Twisted, PIL, or any number of web frameworks that do not yet support Python 3 and do not have plans to any time too soon. The differences between 2.6 and the 3.x branch are small, but the difference in library support is huge.

>>> ', '.join(i for i in dir(a) if not i.startswith('__'))
'multi, str'

这当然会打印类定义中的任何方法或属性。你可以通过将i.startwith('__')更改为i.startwith('_')来排除“私有”方法。

attributes_list = [attribute for attribute in dir(obj) if attribute[0].islower()]