我试图开发一个简单的网页刮板。我想提取没有HTML代码的文本。它适用于普通HTML，但不适用于JavaScript代码添加文本的某些页面。
例如，如果一些JavaScript代码添加了一些文本，我不能看到它，因为当我调用:
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
我得到了原始文本而没有添加的文本(因为JavaScript是在客户端执行的)。
所以，我正在寻找一些解决这个问题的想法。
当前回答
EDIT 2021年9月:phantomjs也不再维护
EDIT 30/Dec/2017:这个答案出现在谷歌搜索的顶部结果中，所以我决定更新它。老答案仍然在最后。
dryscape不再维护，开发人员推荐的库dryscape仅适用于Python 2。我发现使用Selenium的python库和Phantom JS作为web驱动程序足够快，也很容易完成工作。
一旦你安装了Phantom JS，确保phantomjs二进制文件在当前路径下可用:
phantomjs --version
# result:
2.1.1
#例子 为了给出一个例子，我用下面的HTML代码创建了一个示例页面。(链接):
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Javascript scraping test</title>
</head>
<body>
<p id='intro-text'>No javascript support</p>
<script>
document.getElementById('intro-text').innerHTML = 'Yay! Supports javascript';
</script>
</body>
</html>
没有javascript，它说:不支持javascript和javascript:耶!支持javascript
#抓取没有JS支持:
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
response = requests.get(my_url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
soup.find(id="intro-text")
# Result:
<p id="intro-text">No javascript support</p>
#抓取与JS支持:
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.PhantomJS()
driver.get(my_url)
p_element = driver.find_element_by_id(id_='intro-text')
print(p_element.text)
# result:
'Yay! Supports javascript'
你也可以使用Python库dryscraping来抓取javascript驱动的网站。
#抓取与JS支持:
import dryscrape
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
session = dryscrape.Session()
session.visit(my_url)
response = session.body()
soup = BeautifulSoup(response)
soup.find(id="intro-text")
# Result:
<p id="intro-text">Yay! Supports javascript</p>
其他回答
我最近使用requests_html库来解决这个问题。
他们的扩展文档在readthedocs。IO非常好(跳过pypi.org上的带注释的版本)。如果您的用例是基本的，那么您可能会取得一些成功。
from requests_html import HTMLSession
session = HTMLSession()
response = session.request(method="get",url="www.google.com/")
response.html.render()
如果你在使用response.html.render()呈现你需要的数据时遇到麻烦，你可以将一些javascript传递给呈现函数来呈现你需要的特定js对象。这是从他们的文档中复制的，但这可能正是你需要的:
如果指定了script，它将在 运行时。例子:
script = """
() => {
return {
width: document.documentElement.clientWidth,
height: document.documentElement.clientHeight,
deviceScaleFactor: window.devicePixelRatio,
}
}
"""
返回执行脚本的返回值，如果有的话:
>>> response.html.render(script=script)
{'width': 800, 'height': 600, 'deviceScaleFactor': 1}
In my case, the data I wanted were the arrays that populated a javascript plot but the data wasn't getting rendered as text anywhere in the html. Sometimes its not clear at all what the object names are of the data you want if the data is populated dynamically. If you can't track down the js objects directly from view source or inspect, you can type in "window" followed by ENTER in the debugger console in the browser (Chrome) to pull up a full list of objects rendered by the browser. If you make a few educated guesses about where the data is stored, you might have some luck finding it there. My graph data was under window.view.data in the console, so in the "script" variable passed to the .render() method quoted above, I used:
return {
data: window.view.data
}
这似乎是一个很好的解决方案，从一个伟大的博客文章
import sys
from PyQt4.QtGui import *
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from PyQt4.QtWebKit import *
from lxml import html
#Take this class for granted.Just use result of rendering.
class Render(QWebPage):
def __init__(self, url):
self.app = QApplication(sys.argv)
QWebPage.__init__(self)
self.loadFinished.connect(self._loadFinished)
self.mainFrame().load(QUrl(url))
self.app.exec_()
def _loadFinished(self, result):
self.frame = self.mainFrame()
self.app.quit()
url = 'http://pycoders.com/archive/'
r = Render(url)
result = r.frame.toHtml()
# This step is important.Converting QString to Ascii for lxml to process
# The following returns an lxml element tree
archive_links = html.fromstring(str(result.toAscii()))
print archive_links
# The following returns an array containing the URLs
raw_links = archive_links.xpath('//div[@class="campaign"]/a/@href')
print raw_links
我们没有得到正确的结果，因为任何javascript生成的内容都需要在DOM上呈现。当我们获取一个HTML页面时，我们获取初始的，未经javascript修改的DOM。
因此，我们需要在抓取页面之前呈现javascript内容。
由于selenium已经在本线程中多次提到(有时也提到了它的速度有多慢)，我将列出其他两种可能的解决方案。
解决方案1:这是一个关于如何使用Scrapy抓取javascript生成内容的非常好的教程，我们将遵循这一点。
我们需要:
Docker installed in our machine. This is a plus over other solutions until this point, as it utilizes an OS-independent platform. Install Splash following the instruction listed for our corresponding OS.Quoting from splash documentation: Splash is a javascript rendering service. It’s a lightweight web browser with an HTTP API, implemented in Python 3 using Twisted and QT5. Essentially we are going to use Splash to render Javascript generated content. Run the splash server: sudo docker run -p 8050:8050 scrapinghub/splash. Install the scrapy-splash plugin: pip install scrapy-splash Assuming that we already have a Scrapy project created (if not, let's make one), we will follow the guide and update the settings.py: Then go to your scrapy project’s settings.py and set these middlewares: DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'scrapy_splash.SplashCookiesMiddleware': 723, 'scrapy_splash.SplashMiddleware': 725, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 810, } The URL of the Splash server(if you’re using Win or OSX this should be the URL of the docker machine: How to get a Docker container's IP address from the host?): SPLASH_URL = 'http://localhost:8050' And finally you need to set these values too: DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'scrapy_splash.SplashAwareDupeFilter' HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy_splash.SplashAwareFSCacheStorage' Finally, we can use a SplashRequest: In a normal spider you have Request objects which you can use to open URLs. If the page you want to open contains JS generated data you have to use SplashRequest(or SplashFormRequest) to render the page. Here’s a simple example: class MySpider(scrapy.Spider): name = "jsscraper" start_urls = ["http://quotes.toscrape.com/js/"] def start_requests(self): for url in self.start_urls: yield SplashRequest( url=url, callback=self.parse, endpoint='render.html' ) def parse(self, response): for q in response.css("div.quote"): quote = QuoteItem() quote["author"] = q.css(".author::text").extract_first() quote["quote"] = q.css(".text::text").extract_first() yield quote SplashRequest renders the URL as html and returns the response which you can use in the callback(parse) method.
解决方案2:我们暂且称之为实验性的(2018年5月)…… 此解决方案仅适用于Python版本3.6(目前)。
你知道请求模块吗(谁不知道呢)? 现在它有了一个网络爬行的小兄弟:requests-HTML:
这个库旨在使解析HTML(例如抓取网页)尽可能简单和直观。
安装请求-html: pipenv 对页面的url进行请求: 导入HTMLSession 会话= HTMLSession() R = session.get(a_page_url) 渲染响应以获得Javascript生成的比特: r.html.render ()
最后，该模块似乎提供了抓取功能。 或者，我们也可以尝试使用我们刚刚渲染的r.html对象来使用BeautifulSoup。
你也可以使用webdriver执行javascript。
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get(url)
driver.execute_script('document.title')
或者将值存储在变量中
result = driver.execute_script('var text = document.title ; return text')
Playwright-Python
还有一种选择是剧作家- Python，它是微软剧作家(本身是受木偶大师影响的浏览器自动化库)到Python的移植。
下面是选择一个元素并抓取它的文本的最小示例:
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
with sync_playwright() as p:
browser = p.chromium.launch()
page = browser.new_page()
page.goto("http://whatsmyuseragent.org/")
ua = page.query_selector(".user-agent");
print(ua.text_content())
browser.close()
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