下面的代码在第2行接收到seg错误:
char *str = "string";
str[0] = 'z'; // could be also written as *str = 'z'
printf("%s\n", str);
虽然这个方法非常有效:
char str[] = "string";
str[0] = 'z';
printf("%s\n", str);
用MSVC和GCC测试。
当前回答
首先，str是一个指向"string"的指针。编译器允许将字符串字面量放在内存中不能写入，但只能读取的地方。(这真的应该触发一个警告，因为你将一个const char *分配给一个char *。你是禁用了警告，还是忽略了它们?)
第二，你在创建一个数组，它是你可以完全访问的内存，并用"string"初始化它。您正在创建一个字符[7](六个用于字母，一个用于结尾的'\0')，您可以对它做任何您喜欢的事情。
其他回答
因为在第一个例子的上下文中，“whatever”的类型是const char*(即使你将它赋值给一个非const char*)，这意味着你不应该尝试写它。
编译器通过将字符串放在内存的只读部分来强制执行这一点，因此写入它会产生段错误。
The C FAQ that @matli linked to mentions it, but no one else here has yet, so for clarification: if a string literal (double-quoted string in your source) is used anywhere other than to initialize a character array (ie: @Mark's second example, which works correctly), that string is stored by the compiler in a special static string table, which is akin to creating a global static variable (read-only, of course) that is essentially anonymous (has no variable "name"). The read-only part is the important part, and is why the @Mark's first code example segfaults.
这些答案大部分都是正确的，但为了更清楚一点……
人们所说的“只读内存”是ASM术语中的文本段。它是内存中加载指令的同一个地方。出于安全等明显的原因，这是只读的。当创建一个初始化为字符串的char*时，字符串数据被编译到文本段中，程序初始化指向文本段的指针。所以如果你想改变它，就死定了。段错误。
当作为数组编写时，编译器将初始化的字符串数据放在数据段中，这与全局变量等存在的位置相同。这个内存是可变的，因为数据段中没有指令。这一次，当编译器初始化字符数组(仍然只是一个char*)时，它指向的是数据段而不是文本段，您可以在运行时安全地更改文本段。
通常，当程序运行时，字符串字面值存储在只读内存中。这是为了防止您意外地更改字符串常量。在第一个例子中，"string"存储在只读内存中，*str指向第一个字符。当您试图将第一个字符更改为'z'时，会发生段错误。
在第二个例子中，字符串"string"被编译器从其只读母数组复制到str[]数组中。然后允许更改第一个字符。你可以通过打印每个地址来检查:
printf("%p", str);
同样，在第二个例子中打印str的大小会显示编译器已经为它分配了7个字节:
printf("%d", sizeof(str));
参见C常见问题，问题1.32
Q: What is the difference between these initializations? char a[] = "string literal"; char *p = "string literal"; My program crashes if I try to assign a new value to p[i]. A: A string literal (the formal term for a double-quoted string in C source) can be used in two slightly different ways: As the initializer for an array of char, as in the declaration of char a[] , it specifies the initial values of the characters in that array (and, if necessary, its size). Anywhere else, it turns into an unnamed, static array of characters, and this unnamed array may be stored in read-only memory, and which therefore cannot necessarily be modified. In an expression context, the array is converted at once to a pointer, as usual (see section 6), so the second declaration initializes p to point to the unnamed array's first element. Some compilers have a switch controlling whether string literals are writable or not (for compiling old code), and some may have options to cause string literals to be formally treated as arrays of const char (for better error catching).
