下面的代码在第2行接收到seg错误:
char *str = "string";
str[0] = 'z'; // could be also written as *str = 'z'
printf("%s\n", str);
虽然这个方法非常有效:
char str[] = "string";
str[0] = 'z';
printf("%s\n", str);
用MSVC和GCC测试。
当前回答
char *str = "string";
上面的代码将str设置为指向在程序的二进制映像中硬编码的字面值“string”，它在内存中可能被标记为只读。
因此str[0]=试图写入应用程序的只读代码。我猜这可能依赖于编译器。
其他回答
参见C常见问题，问题1.32
Q: What is the difference between these initializations? char a[] = "string literal"; char *p = "string literal"; My program crashes if I try to assign a new value to p[i]. A: A string literal (the formal term for a double-quoted string in C source) can be used in two slightly different ways: As the initializer for an array of char, as in the declaration of char a[] , it specifies the initial values of the characters in that array (and, if necessary, its size). Anywhere else, it turns into an unnamed, static array of characters, and this unnamed array may be stored in read-only memory, and which therefore cannot necessarily be modified. In an expression context, the array is converted at once to a pointer, as usual (see section 6), so the second declaration initializes p to point to the unnamed array's first element. Some compilers have a switch controlling whether string literals are writable or not (for compiling old code), and some may have options to cause string literals to be formally treated as arrays of const char (for better error catching).
假设字符串是，
char a[] = "string literal copied to stack";
char *p = "string literal referenced by p";
在第一种情况下，当'a'进入作用域时，文字将被复制。这里'a'是定义在stack上的数组。这意味着字符串将在堆栈上创建，其数据从代码(文本)内存中复制，通常是只读的(这是特定于实现的，编译器也可以将这种只读的程序数据放在可读写内存中)。
在第二种情况下，p是定义在堆栈(本地作用域)上的指针，并引用存储在其他位置的字符串字面量(程序数据或文本)。通常，修改这样的内存不是好的实践，也不鼓励。
首先是一个不能修改的常量字符串。第二个是一个初始化值的数组，因此它可以被修改。
因为在第一个例子的上下文中，“whatever”的类型是const char*(即使你将它赋值给一个非const char*)，这意味着你不应该尝试写它。
编译器通过将字符串放在内存的只读部分来强制执行这一点，因此写入它会产生段错误。
The C FAQ that @matli linked to mentions it, but no one else here has yet, so for clarification: if a string literal (double-quoted string in your source) is used anywhere other than to initialize a character array (ie: @Mark's second example, which works correctly), that string is stored by the compiler in a special static string table, which is akin to creating a global static variable (read-only, of course) that is essentially anonymous (has no variable "name"). The read-only part is the important part, and is why the @Mark's first code example segfaults.
