我使用的简单方法是在2组之后合并，然后做简单的除法。

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
np.random.seed(0)
df = pd.DataFrame({'state': ['CA', 'WA', 'CO', 'AZ'] * 3,
               'office_id': list(range(1, 7)) * 2,
               'sales': [np.random.randint(100000, 999999) for _ in range(12)]})

state_office = df.groupby(['state', 'office_id'])['sales'].sum().reset_index()
state = df.groupby(['state'])['sales'].sum().reset_index()
state_office = state_office.merge(state, left_on='state', right_on ='state', how = 'left')
state_office['sales_ratio'] = 100*(state_office['sales_x']/state_office['sales_y'])

   state  office_id  sales_x  sales_y  sales_ratio
0     AZ          2   222579  1310725    16.981365
1     AZ          4   252315  1310725    19.250033
2     AZ          6   835831  1310725    63.768601
3     CA          1   405711  2098663    19.331879
4     CA          3   710581  2098663    33.858747
5     CA          5   982371  2098663    46.809373
6     CO          1   404137  1096653    36.851857
7     CO          3   217952  1096653    19.874290
8     CO          5   474564  1096653    43.273852
9     WA          2   535829  1543854    34.707233
10    WA          4   548242  1543854    35.511259
11    WA          6   459783  1543854    29.781508

我意识到这里已经有了很好的答案。

尽管如此，我还是愿意贡献自己的一份力量，因为我觉得对于这样一个基本的、简单的问题，应该有一个简单的、一目了然的解决方案。

它还应该以一种方式工作，即我可以将百分比作为一个新列添加，而不影响数据框架的其余部分。最后但并非最不重要的是，它应该以一种明显的方式推广到有多个分组级别的情况(例如，州和国家，而不是只有州)。

下面的代码段满足这些条件:

df['sales_ratio'] = df.groupby(['state'])['sales'].transform(lambda x: x/x.sum())

注意，如果你仍在使用Python 2，你必须用float(x)替换lambda项分母中的x。

即通过自动匹配列名和索引名来实现操作。这段代码应该相当于@exp1orer接受答案的一个逐步版本

使用df，我将用别名state_office_sales调用它:

                  sales
state office_id        
AZ    2          839507
      4          373917
      6          347225
CA    1          798585
      3          890850
      5          454423
CO    1          819975
      3          202969
      5          614011
WA    2          163942
      4          369858
      6          959285

State_total_sales是state_office_sales，按索引级别0(最左边)中的总和分组。

In:   state_total_sales = df.groupby(level=0).sum()
      state_total_sales

Out: 
       sales
state   
AZ     2448009
CA     2832270
CO     1495486
WA     595859

因为这两个数据框架共享一个索引名和一个列名，pandas将通过共享索引找到合适的位置，例如:

In:   state_office_sales / state_total_sales

Out:  

                   sales
state   office_id   
AZ      2          0.448640
        4          0.125865
        6          0.425496
CA      1          0.288022
        3          0.322169
        5          0.389809
CO      1          0.206684
        3          0.357891
        5          0.435425
WA      2          0.321689
        4          0.346325
        6          0.331986

为了更好地说明这一点，这里有一个没有等价物的XX的部分总数。Pandas将根据索引和列名匹配位置，如果没有重叠，Pandas将忽略它:

In:   partial_total = pd.DataFrame(
                      data   =  {'sales' : [2448009, 595859, 99999]},
                      index  =             ['AZ',    'WA',   'XX' ]
                      )
      partial_total.index.name = 'state'


Out:  
         sales
state
AZ       2448009
WA       595859
XX       99999

In:   state_office_sales / partial_total

Out: 
                   sales
state   office_id   
AZ      2          0.448640
        4          0.125865
        6          0.425496
CA      1          NaN
        3          NaN
        5          NaN
CO      1          NaN
        3          NaN
        5          NaN
WA      2          0.321689
        4          0.346325
        6          0.331986

当没有共享索引或列时，这一点变得非常明显。这里missing_index_totals等于state_total_sales，只是它没有索引名。

In:   missing_index_totals = state_total_sales.rename_axis("")
      missing_index_totals

Out:  
       sales
AZ     2448009
CA     2832270
CO     1495486
WA     595859

In:   state_office_sales / missing_index_totals 

Out:  ValueError: cannot join with no overlapping index names

更新2022 - 03

这个由caner使用变换的答案看起来比我原来的答案要好得多!

df['sales'] / df.groupby('state')['sales'].transform('sum')

感谢Paul Rougieux的评论。

原答案(2014)

Paul H的回答是正确的，您将必须创建第二个groupby对象，但是您可以用更简单的方法计算百分比——只需groupby state_office并将sales列除以它的和。复制Paul H回答的开头:

# From Paul H
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
np.random.seed(0)
df = pd.DataFrame({'state': ['CA', 'WA', 'CO', 'AZ'] * 3,
                   'office_id': list(range(1, 7)) * 2,
                   'sales': [np.random.randint(100000, 999999)
                             for _ in range(12)]})
state_office = df.groupby(['state', 'office_id']).agg({'sales': 'sum'})
# Change: groupby state_office and divide by sum
state_pcts = state_office.groupby(level=0).apply(lambda x:
                                                 100 * x / float(x.sum()))

返回:

                     sales
state office_id           
AZ    2          16.981365
      4          19.250033
      6          63.768601
CA    1          19.331879
      3          33.858747
      5          46.809373
CO    1          36.851857
      3          19.874290
      5          43.273852
WA    2          34.707233
      4          35.511259
      6          29.781508

(此解决方案的灵感来自这篇文章https://pbpython.com/pandas_transform.html)

我发现下面的解决方案是最简单的(可能是最快的)使用转换:

类的简化版本 数据转换时，可以返回一些转换后的完整版本 数据重组。对于这样的转换，输出是相同的 形状作为输入。

所以使用变换，解决方案是一行:

df['%'] = 100 * df['sales'] / df.groupby('state')['sales'].transform('sum')

如果你打印:

print(df.sort_values(['state', 'office_id']).reset_index(drop=True))

   state  office_id   sales          %
0     AZ          2  195197   9.844309
1     AZ          4  877890  44.274352
2     AZ          6  909754  45.881339
3     CA          1  614752  50.415708
4     CA          3  395340  32.421767
5     CA          5  209274  17.162525
6     CO          1  549430  42.659629
7     CO          3  457514  35.522956
8     CO          5  280995  21.817415
9     WA          2  828238  35.696929
10    WA          4  719366  31.004563
11    WA          6  772590  33.298509

我知道这是一个老问题，但是对于具有大量唯一组的数据集，exp1orer的答案是非常缓慢的(可能是因为lambda)。我建立了他们的答案，把它变成一个数组计算，所以现在它非常快!下面是示例代码:

创建带有50,000个唯一组的测试数据框架

import random
import string
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(0)

# This is the total number of groups to be created
NumberOfGroups = 50000

# Create a lot of groups (random strings of 4 letters)
Group1     = [''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase) for _ in range(4)) for x in range(NumberOfGroups/10)]*10
Group2     = [''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase) for _ in range(4)) for x in range(NumberOfGroups/2)]*2
FinalGroup = [''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase) for _ in range(4)) for x in range(NumberOfGroups)]

# Make the numbers
NumbersForPercents = [np.random.randint(100, 999) for _ in range(NumberOfGroups)]

# Make the dataframe
df = pd.DataFrame({'Group 1': Group1,
                   'Group 2': Group2,
                   'Final Group': FinalGroup,
                   'Numbers I want as percents': NumbersForPercents})

当分组时，它看起来像:

                             Numbers I want as percents
Group 1 Group 2 Final Group                            
AAAH    AQYR    RMCH                                847
                XDCL                                182
        DQGO    ALVF                                132
                AVPH                                894
        OVGH    NVOO                                650
                VKQP                                857
        VNLY    HYFW                                884
                MOYH                                469
        XOOC    GIDS                                168
                HTOY                                544
AACE    HNXU    RAXK                                243
                YZNK                                750
        NOYI    NYGC                                399
                ZYCI                                614
        QKGK    CRLF                                520
                UXNA                                970
        TXAR    MLNB                                356
                NMFJ                                904
        VQYG    NPON                                504
                QPKQ                                948
...
[50000 rows x 1 columns]

百分比数组法:

# Initial grouping (basically a sorted version of df)
PreGroupby_df = df.groupby(["Group 1","Group 2","Final Group"]).agg({'Numbers I want as percents': 'sum'}).reset_index()
# Get the sum of values for the "final group", append "_Sum" to it's column name, and change it into a dataframe (.reset_index)
SumGroup_df = df.groupby(["Group 1","Group 2"]).agg({'Numbers I want as percents': 'sum'}).add_suffix('_Sum').reset_index()
# Merge the two dataframes
Percents_df = pd.merge(PreGroupby_df, SumGroup_df)
# Divide the two columns
Percents_df["Percent of Final Group"] = Percents_df["Numbers I want as percents"] / Percents_df["Numbers I want as percents_Sum"] * 100
# Drop the extra _Sum column
Percents_df.drop(["Numbers I want as percents_Sum"], inplace=True, axis=1)

这种方法大约需要0.15秒

顶部回答方法(使用lambda函数):

state_office = df.groupby(['Group 1','Group 2','Final Group']).agg({'Numbers I want as percents': 'sum'})
state_pcts = state_office.groupby(level=['Group 1','Group 2']).apply(lambda x: 100 * x / float(x.sum()))

这种方法需要大约21秒才能产生相同的结果。

结果:

      Group 1 Group 2 Final Group  Numbers I want as percents  Percent of Final Group
0        AAAH    AQYR        RMCH                         847               82.312925
1        AAAH    AQYR        XDCL                         182               17.687075
2        AAAH    DQGO        ALVF                         132               12.865497
3        AAAH    DQGO        AVPH                         894               87.134503
4        AAAH    OVGH        NVOO                         650               43.132050
5        AAAH    OVGH        VKQP                         857               56.867950
6        AAAH    VNLY        HYFW                         884               65.336290
7        AAAH    VNLY        MOYH                         469               34.663710
8        AAAH    XOOC        GIDS                         168               23.595506
9        AAAH    XOOC        HTOY                         544               76.404494