首先，正如前面几个回答中提到的，了解是什么影响了您的性能——是内存、处理器、网络、数据库还是其他东西。这取决于…

...if it's memory - find one of the books written long time ago by Knuth, one of "The Art of Computer Programming" series. Most likely it's one about sorting and search - if my memory is wrong then you'll have to find out in which he talks about how to deal with slow tape data storage. Mentally transform his memory/tape pair into your pair of cache/main memory (or in pair of L1/L2 cache) respectively. Study all the tricks he describes - if you don's find something that solves your problem, then hire professional computer scientist to conduct a professional research. If your memory issue is by chance with FFT (cache misses at bit-reversed indexes when doing radix-2 butterflies) then don't hire a scientist - instead, manually optimize passes one-by-one until you're either win or get to dead end. You mentioned squeeze out up to the last few percent right? If it's few indeed you'll most likely win. ...if it's processor - switch to assembly language. Study processor specification - what takes ticks, VLIW, SIMD. Function calls are most likely replaceable tick-eaters. Learn loop transformations - pipeline, unroll. Multiplies and divisions might be replaceable / interpolated with bit shifts (multiplies by small integers might be replaceable with additions). Try tricks with shorter data - if you're lucky one instruction with 64 bits might turn out replaceable with two on 32 or even 4 on 16 or 8 on 8 bits go figure. Try also longer data - eg your float calculations might turn out slower than double ones at particular processor. If you have trigonometric stuff, fight it with pre-calculated tables; also keep in mind that sine of small value might be replaced with that value if loss of precision is within allowed limits. ...if it's network - think of compressing data you pass over it. Replace XML transfer with binary. Study protocols. Try UDP instead of TCP if you can somehow handle data loss. ...if it's database, well, go to any database forum and ask for advice. In-memory data-grid, optimizing query plan etc etc etc.

HTH:)

虽然我喜欢Mike Dunlavey的回答，但事实上这是一个很好的答案，并且有支持的例子，我认为它可以简单地表达出来:

首先找出哪些事情最耗费时间，并了解原因。

它是时间消耗的识别过程，可以帮助您了解必须在哪里改进算法。这是我能找到的唯一一个全面的语言不可知论答案，这个问题已经被认为是完全优化的。同时假设您希望在追求速度的过程中独立于体系结构。

因此，虽然算法可能被优化了，但它的实现可能没有。标识可以让您知道哪个部分是哪个部分:算法或实现。所以，占用时间最多的就是你审查的首选对象。但是既然你说你想把最后的%挤出来，你可能还想检查一下较小的部分，那些你一开始没有仔细检查过的部分。

最后，对实现相同解决方案的不同方法的性能数据进行一些尝试和错误，或者可能的不同算法，可以带来有助于识别浪费时间和节省时间的见解。

HPH, asoudmove。

内联例程(消除调用/返回和参数推送) 试着用表查找(如果它们更快的话)消除测试/开关 展开循环(Duff的设备)到刚好适合CPU缓存的位置 本地化内存访问，以免耗尽缓存 如果优化器还没有本地化相关的计算 如果优化器还没有这样做，就消除循环不变量

有时改变数据的布局会有所帮助。在C语言中，可以从数组或结构切换到数组结构，反之亦然。

不好说。这取决于代码的样子。如果我们可以假设代码已经存在，那么我们可以简单地查看它并从中找出如何优化它。

更好的缓存位置，循环展开，尽量消除长依赖链，以获得更好的指令级并行性。尽可能选择有条件的移动而不是分支。尽可能利用SIMD指令。

理解你的代码在做什么，理解它运行在什么硬件上。然后，决定需要做什么来提高代码的性能就变得相当简单了。这是我能想到的唯一一个真正具有普遍性的建议。

好吧，还有“在SO上显示代码，并为特定的代码段寻求优化建议”。

我大半辈子都在这里度过。大致的方法是运行你的分析器并记录它:

Cache misses. Data cache is the #1 source of stalls in most programs. Improve cache hit rate by reorganizing offending data structures to have better locality; pack structures and numerical types down to eliminate wasted bytes (and therefore wasted cache fetches); prefetch data wherever possible to reduce stalls. Load-hit-stores. Compiler assumptions about pointer aliasing, and cases where data is moved between disconnected register sets via memory, can cause a certain pathological behavior that causes the entire CPU pipeline to clear on a load op. Find places where floats, vectors, and ints are being cast to one another and eliminate them. Use __restrict liberally to promise the compiler about aliasing. Microcoded operations. Most processors have some operations that cannot be pipelined, but instead run a tiny subroutine stored in ROM. Examples on the PowerPC are integer multiply, divide, and shift-by-variable-amount. The problem is that the entire pipeline stops dead while this operation is executing. Try to eliminate use of these operations or at least break them down into their constituent pipelined ops so you can get the benefit of superscalar dispatch on whatever the rest of your program is doing. Branch mispredicts. These too empty the pipeline. Find cases where the CPU is spending a lot of time refilling the pipe after a branch, and use branch hinting if available to get it to predict correctly more often. Or better yet, replace branches with conditional-moves wherever possible, especially after floating point operations because their pipe is usually deeper and reading the condition flags after fcmp can cause a stall. Sequential floating-point ops. Make these SIMD.

我还喜欢做一件事:

将编译器设置为输出程序集清单，并查看它为代码中的热点函数发出了什么。所有那些聪明的优化，“一个好的编译器应该能够自动为你做”?实际的编译器可能不会执行这些操作。我见过GCC发出真正的WTF代码。