更新:
再次感谢你的例子，它们对我很有帮助，我并不是说
夺走他们的一切。
Aren't the currently given examples, as far as I understand them & state-machines, only half of what we usually understand by a state-machine?
In the sense that the examples do change state but that's only represented by changing the value of a variable (and allowing different value- changes in different states), while usually, a state machine should also change its behavior, and behavior not (only) in the sense of allowing different value changes for a variable depending on the state, but in the sense of allowing different methods to be executed for different states.
还是我对状态机及其常用用法有误解?
最初的问题:
我发现了关于c#中的状态机和迭代器块的讨论，以及用于创建状态机和c#的工具，所以我发现了很多抽象的东西，但作为一个新手，所有这些都有点令人困惑。
因此，如果有人能提供一个c#源代码-示例，实现一个简单的状态机，可能只有3,4个状态，那就太好了，只是为了了解它的要点。
下面是一个非常经典的有限状态机的例子，它模拟了一个非常简化的电子设备(比如电视)
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace fsm
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var fsm = new FiniteStateMachine();
Console.WriteLine(fsm.State);
fsm.ProcessEvent(FiniteStateMachine.Events.PlugIn);
Console.WriteLine(fsm.State);
fsm.ProcessEvent(FiniteStateMachine.Events.TurnOn);
Console.WriteLine(fsm.State);
fsm.ProcessEvent(FiniteStateMachine.Events.TurnOff);
Console.WriteLine(fsm.State);
fsm.ProcessEvent(FiniteStateMachine.Events.TurnOn);
Console.WriteLine(fsm.State);
fsm.ProcessEvent(FiniteStateMachine.Events.RemovePower);
Console.WriteLine(fsm.State);
Console.ReadKey();
}
class FiniteStateMachine
{
public enum States { Start, Standby, On };
public States State { get; set; }
public enum Events { PlugIn, TurnOn, TurnOff, RemovePower };
private Action[,] fsm;
public FiniteStateMachine()
{
this.fsm = new Action[3, 4] {
//PlugIn, TurnOn, TurnOff, RemovePower
{this.PowerOn, null, null, null}, //start
{null, this.StandbyWhenOff, null, this.PowerOff}, //standby
{null, null, this.StandbyWhenOn, this.PowerOff} }; //on
}
public void ProcessEvent(Events theEvent)
{
this.fsm[(int)this.State, (int)theEvent].Invoke();
}
private void PowerOn() { this.State = States.Standby; }
private void PowerOff() { this.State = States.Start; }
private void StandbyWhenOn() { this.State = States.Standby; }
private void StandbyWhenOff() { this.State = States.On; }
}
}
}
这里有些无耻的自我宣传，但在不久前，我创建了一个名为YieldMachine的库，它允许以非常干净和简单的方式描述一个有限复杂性的状态机。例如，考虑一盏灯:
注意，这个状态机有2个触发器和3个状态。在YieldMachine代码中，我们为所有与状态相关的行为编写了一个方法，在这个方法中，我们对每个状态都使用goto，这是一种可怕的暴行。触发器变成Action类型的属性或字段，用一个称为trigger的属性进行修饰。我在下面注释了第一个状态及其转换的代码;接下来的状态遵循相同的模式。
public class Lamp : StateMachine
{
// Triggers (or events, or actions, whatever) that our
// state machine understands.
[Trigger]
public readonly Action PressSwitch;
[Trigger]
public readonly Action GotError;
// Actual state machine logic
protected override IEnumerable WalkStates()
{
off:
Console.WriteLine("off.");
yield return null;
if (Trigger == PressSwitch) goto on;
InvalidTrigger();
on:
Console.WriteLine("*shiiine!*");
yield return null;
if (Trigger == GotError) goto error;
if (Trigger == PressSwitch) goto off;
InvalidTrigger();
error:
Console.WriteLine("-err-");
yield return null;
if (Trigger == PressSwitch) goto off;
InvalidTrigger();
}
}
又短又好，嗯!
这个状态机通过发送触发器来控制:
var sm = new Lamp();
sm.PressSwitch(); //go on
sm.PressSwitch(); //go off
sm.PressSwitch(); //go on
sm.GotError(); //get error
sm.PressSwitch(); //go off
为了澄清，我在第一个状态中添加了一些注释，以帮助您理解如何使用它。
protected override IEnumerable WalkStates()
{
off: // Each goto label is a state
Console.WriteLine("off."); // State entry actions
yield return null; // This means "Wait until a
// trigger is called"
// Ah, we got triggered!
// perform state exit actions
// (none, in this case)
if (Trigger == PressSwitch) goto on; // Transitions go here:
// depending on the trigger
// that was called, go to
// the right state
InvalidTrigger(); // Throw exception on
// invalid trigger
...
这是因为c#编译器实际上在内部为每个使用yield return的方法创建了一个状态机。这个构造通常用于惰性地创建数据序列，但在这种情况下，我们实际上对返回的序列并不感兴趣(反正都是null)，而是对在底层创建的状态行为感兴趣。
StateMachine基类对构造进行一些反射，将代码分配给每个[Trigger]操作，该操作设置Trigger成员并向前移动状态机。
但是你不需要真正理解它的内部原理就能使用它。
我在这里发布了另一个答案，因为这是从不同的角度来看状态机;非常视觉。
我最初的答案是经典的命令式代码。我认为它在代码运行时非常直观，因为数组使得状态机的可视化变得简单。缺点是你必须把这些都写下来。Remos的回答减轻了编写样板代码的工作量，但远没有那么直观。还有第三种选择;画状态机。
如果您正在使用。net，并且可以将运行时版本4作为目标，那么您可以选择使用工作流的状态机活动。从本质上讲，它们允许您绘制状态机(就像Juliet的图一样)，并让WF运行时为您执行它。
有关更多细节，请参阅MSDN文章使用Windows Workflow Foundation构建状态机，以及最新版本的CodePlex站点。
这是我在瞄准。net时更喜欢的选项，因为它很容易看到、更改和向非程序员解释;俗话说，图片胜过千言万语!
在网上找到了这个很棒的教程，它帮助我理解了有限状态机。
http://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/tutorials/finite-state-machines-theory-and-implementation--gamedev-11867
本教程是语言无关的，所以它可以很容易地适应您的c#需求。
而且，所使用的例子(一只蚂蚁寻找食物)很容易理解。
来自教程:
public class FSM {
private var activeState :Function; // points to the currently active state function
public function FSM() {
}
public function setState(state :Function) :void {
activeState = state;
}
public function update() :void {
if (activeState != null) {
activeState();
}
}
}
public class Ant
{
public var position :Vector3D;
public var velocity :Vector3D;
public var brain :FSM;
public function Ant(posX :Number, posY :Number) {
position = new Vector3D(posX, posY);
velocity = new Vector3D( -1, -1);
brain = new FSM();
// Tell the brain to start looking for the leaf.
brain.setState(findLeaf);
}
/**
* The "findLeaf" state.
* It makes the ant move towards the leaf.
*/
public function findLeaf() :void {
// Move the ant towards the leaf.
velocity = new Vector3D(Game.instance.leaf.x - position.x, Game.instance.leaf.y - position.y);
if (distance(Game.instance.leaf, this) <= 10) {
// The ant is extremelly close to the leaf, it's time
// to go home.
brain.setState(goHome);
}
if (distance(Game.mouse, this) <= MOUSE_THREAT_RADIUS) {
// Mouse cursor is threatening us. Let's run away!
// It will make the brain start calling runAway() from
// now on.
brain.setState(runAway);
}
}
/**
* The "goHome" state.
* It makes the ant move towards its home.
*/
public function goHome() :void {
// Move the ant towards home
velocity = new Vector3D(Game.instance.home.x - position.x, Game.instance.home.y - position.y);
if (distance(Game.instance.home, this) <= 10) {
// The ant is home, let's find the leaf again.
brain.setState(findLeaf);
}
}
/**
* The "runAway" state.
* It makes the ant run away from the mouse cursor.
*/
public function runAway() :void {
// Move the ant away from the mouse cursor
velocity = new Vector3D(position.x - Game.mouse.x, position.y - Game.mouse.y);
// Is the mouse cursor still close?
if (distance(Game.mouse, this) > MOUSE_THREAT_RADIUS) {
// No, the mouse cursor has gone away. Let's go back looking for the leaf.
brain.setState(findLeaf);
}
}
public function update():void {
// Update the FSM controlling the "brain". It will invoke the currently
// active state function: findLeaf(), goHome() or runAway().
brain.update();
// Apply the velocity vector to the position, making the ant move.
moveBasedOnVelocity();
}
(...)
}
