目前提出的解决方案有一两个不便之处:

在绘图时需要单独收集句柄，例如lns1 = ax。plot(time, Swdown， '-'， label = 'Swdown')。在更新代码时，有忘记句柄的风险。 图例是为整个图形绘制的，而不是通过子图绘制的，如果你有多个子图，这可能是不可取的。

这个新的解决方案利用了Axes.get_legend_handles_labels()来收集主轴和双轴的现有句柄和标签。

自动收集手柄和标签

这个numpy操作将扫描所有与ax共享相同subplot区域的轴，包括ax并返回合并的句柄和标签:

hl = np.hstack([axis.get_legend_handles_labels()
                for axis in ax.figure.axes
                if axis.bbox.bounds == ax.bbox.bounds])

它可以用这样的方式来提供legend()参数:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

t = np.arange(1, 200)
signals = [np.exp(-t/20) * np.cos(t*k) for k in (1, 2)]

fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2, figsize=(10, 3), layout='constrained')
axes = axes.flatten()

for i, (ax, signal) in enumerate(zip(axes, signals)):
    # Plot as usual, no change to the code
    ax.plot(t, signal, label=f'plotted on axes[{i}]', c='C0', lw=9, alpha=0.3)
    ax2 = ax.twinx()
    ax2.plot(t, signal, label=f'plotted on axes[{i}].twinx()', c='C1')

    # The only specificity of the code is when plotting the legend
    h, l = np.hstack([axis.get_legend_handles_labels()
                      for axis in ax.figure.axes
                      if axis.bbox.bounds == ax.bbox.bounds]).tolist()
    ax2.legend(handles=h, labels=l, loc='upper right')

从matplotlib 2.1版本开始，您可以使用图形图例。我们可以创建一个图形图例，而不是ax.legend()，它使用斧头ax的句柄生成一个图例

fig.legend(loc="upper right")

它将收集图中所有子图的所有句柄。因为它是一个图形图例，所以它将被放置在图形的角落，loc参数是相对于图形的。

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.linspace(0,10)
y = np.linspace(0,10)
z = np.sin(x/3)**2*98

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.plot(x,y, '-', label = 'Quantity 1')

ax2 = ax.twinx()
ax2.plot(x,z, '-r', label = 'Quantity 2')
fig.legend(loc="upper right")

ax.set_xlabel("x [units]")
ax.set_ylabel(r"Quantity 1")
ax2.set_ylabel(r"Quantity 2")

plt.show()

为了将图例放回坐标轴，需要提供bbox_to_anchor和bbox_transform。后者将是图例应驻留的轴的轴变换。前者可以是坐标轴坐标中给定的由loc定义的边的坐标。

fig.legend(loc="upper right", bbox_to_anchor=(1,1), bbox_transform=ax.transAxes)

正如matplotlib.org的例子所提供的，从多个轴实现单个图例的干净方法是使用plot句柄:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


fig, ax = plt.subplots()
fig.subplots_adjust(right=0.75)

twin1 = ax.twinx()
twin2 = ax.twinx()

# Offset the right spine of twin2.  The ticks and label have already been
# placed on the right by twinx above.
twin2.spines.right.set_position(("axes", 1.2))

p1, = ax.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2], "b-", label="Density")
p2, = twin1.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 3, 2], "r-", label="Temperature")
p3, = twin2.plot([0, 1, 2], [50, 30, 15], "g-", label="Velocity")

ax.set_xlim(0, 2)
ax.set_ylim(0, 2)
twin1.set_ylim(0, 4)
twin2.set_ylim(1, 65)

ax.set_xlabel("Distance")
ax.set_ylabel("Density")
twin1.set_ylabel("Temperature")
twin2.set_ylabel("Velocity")

ax.yaxis.label.set_color(p1.get_color())
twin1.yaxis.label.set_color(p2.get_color())
twin2.yaxis.label.set_color(p3.get_color())

tkw = dict(size=4, width=1.5)
ax.tick_params(axis='y', colors=p1.get_color(), **tkw)
twin1.tick_params(axis='y', colors=p2.get_color(), **tkw)
twin2.tick_params(axis='y', colors=p3.get_color(), **tkw)
ax.tick_params(axis='x', **tkw)

ax.legend(handles=[p1, p2, p3])

plt.show()

您可以通过添加以下行轻松添加第二个图例:

ax2.legend(loc=0)

你会得到这个:

但是如果你想要所有的标签都在一个图例上，那么你应该这样做:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc
rc('mathtext', default='regular')

time = np.arange(10)
temp = np.random.random(10)*30
Swdown = np.random.random(10)*100-10
Rn = np.random.random(10)*100-10

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)

lns1 = ax.plot(time, Swdown, '-', label = 'Swdown')
lns2 = ax.plot(time, Rn, '-', label = 'Rn')
ax2 = ax.twinx()
lns3 = ax2.plot(time, temp, '-r', label = 'temp')

# added these three lines
lns = lns1+lns2+lns3
labs = [l.get_label() for l in lns]
ax.legend(lns, labs, loc=0)

ax.grid()
ax.set_xlabel("Time (h)")
ax.set_ylabel(r"Radiation ($MJ\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}$)")
ax2.set_ylabel(r"Temperature ($^\circ$C)")
ax2.set_ylim(0, 35)
ax.set_ylim(-20,100)
plt.show()

它会给你这个:

我发现下面的官方matplotlib示例使用host_subplot在一个图例中显示多个y轴和所有不同的标签。没有必要变通。目前为止我找到的最好的解决办法。 http://matplotlib.org/examples/axes_grid/demo_parasite_axes2.html

from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import host_subplot
import mpl_toolkits.axisartist as AA
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

host = host_subplot(111, axes_class=AA.Axes)
plt.subplots_adjust(right=0.75)

par1 = host.twinx()
par2 = host.twinx()

offset = 60
new_fixed_axis = par2.get_grid_helper().new_fixed_axis
par2.axis["right"] = new_fixed_axis(loc="right",
                                    axes=par2,
                                    offset=(offset, 0))

par2.axis["right"].toggle(all=True)

host.set_xlim(0, 2)
host.set_ylim(0, 2)

host.set_xlabel("Distance")
host.set_ylabel("Density")
par1.set_ylabel("Temperature")
par2.set_ylabel("Velocity")

p1, = host.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2], label="Density")
p2, = par1.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 3, 2], label="Temperature")
p3, = par2.plot([0, 1, 2], [50, 30, 15], label="Velocity")

par1.set_ylim(0, 4)
par2.set_ylim(1, 65)

host.legend()

plt.draw()
plt.show()

如果您正在使用Seaborn，您可以这样做:

g = sns.barplot('arguments blah blah')
g2 = sns.lineplot('arguments blah blah')
h1,l1 = g.get_legend_handles_labels()
h2,l2 = g2.get_legend_handles_labels()
#Merging two legends
g.legend(h1+h2, l1+l2, title_fontsize='10')
#removes the second legend
g2.get_legend().remove()