声明式与命令式

编程范式是计算机编程的一种基本风格。 主要有四种范式:命令式、声明式、函数式(被认为是声明式范式的子集)和面向对象的。

Declarative programming : is a programming paradigm that expresses the logic of a computation(What do) without describing its control flow(How do). Some well-known examples of declarative domain specific languages (DSLs) include CSS, regular expressions, and a subset of SQL (SELECT queries, for example) Many markup languages such as HTML, MXML, XAML, XSLT... are often declarative. The declarative programming try to blur the distinction between a program as a set of instructions and a program as an assertion about the desired answer.

命令式编程:是一种编程范式，它用改变程序状态的语句来描述计算。命令式程序可以被视为编程命令或数学断言。

函数式编程:是一种编程范式，它将计算视为数学函数的求值，并避免状态和可变数据。它强调函数的应用，而命令式编程风格强调状态的变化。 在纯函数式语言(如Haskell)中，所有函数都没有副作用，状态更改仅表示为转换状态的函数。

下面是MSDN中命令式编程的示例，循环遍历数字1到10，并找到偶数。

var numbersOneThroughTen = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
//With imperative programming, we'd step through this, and decide what we want:
var evenNumbers = new List<int>();
foreach (var number in numbersOneThroughTen)
{    if (number % 2 == 0)
    {
        evenNumbers.Add(number);
    }
}
//The following code uses declarative programming to accomplish the same thing.
// Here, we're saying "Give us everything where it's even"
var evenNumbers = numbersOneThroughTen.Where(number => number % 2 == 0);

这两个例子都产生了相同的结果，一个既不比另一个好也不比另一个差。第一个示例需要更多代码，但代码是可测试的，命令式方法让您完全控制实现细节。在第二个例子中，代码可以说更可读;然而，LINQ并不能让你控制幕后发生的事情。您必须相信LINQ将提供所请求的结果。

Imperative programming requires developers to define step by step how code should be executed. To give directions in an imperative fashion, you say, “Go to 1st Street, turn left onto Main, drive two blocks, turn right onto Maple, and stop at the third house on the left.” The declarative version might sound something like this: “Drive to Sue’s house.” One says how to do something; the other says what needs to be done. The declarative style has two advantages over the imperative style: It does not force the traveler to memorize a long set of instructions. It allows the traveler to optimize the route when possible.

卡尔弗特，C库尔卡尼，D(2009)。LINQ至关重要。艾迪森·韦斯利48岁

声明性程序只是它的一些或多或少的“通用”命令式实现/虚拟机的数据。

pluses: specifying just a data, in some hardcoded (and checked) format, is simpler and less error-prone than specifying variant of some imperative algorithm directly. some complex specifications just cant be written directly, only in some DSL form. best and freq used in DSLs data structures is sets and tables. because you not have dependencies between elements/rows. and when you havent dependencies you have freedom to modify and ease of support. (compare for example modules with classes - with modules you happy and with classes you have fragile base class problem) all goods of declarativeness and DSL follows immediately from benefits of that data structures (tables and sets). another plus - you can change implementation of declarative language vm, if DSL is more-or-less abstract (well designed). make parallel implementation, for example. or port it to other os etc. all good specifed modular isolating interfaces or protocols gives you such freedom and easyness of support.

缺点: 你猜对了。一般的(通过DSL参数化的)命令式算法/虚拟机实现可能比特定的算法慢和/或占用内存。在某些情况下。 如果这种情况很罕见，那就忘了它吧，让它慢慢来。如果这种情况经常发生，你总是可以扩展你的DSL/vm。某个能减缓其他案件的地方，当然…

P.S.框架介于DSL和命令式之间。作为所有的折中方案……他们结合了缺点，而不是优点。它们不是那么安全，也不是那么快:)看看万事通haskell——它介于强大的简单ML和灵活的元程序Prolog之间……真是个怪物。你可以把Prolog看作一个Haskell，它只包含布尔函数/谓词。它对Haskell的灵活性是多么简单……

命令式编程——你编写完成工作的代码

声明式编程——由其他人编写完成工作的代码

声明式编程和命令式编程的一个很好的c#例子是LINQ。

使用命令式编程，你一步一步地告诉编译器你想要发生什么。

例如，让我们从这个集合开始，并选择奇数:

List<int> collection = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

在命令式编程中，我们将逐步执行这些步骤，并决定我们想要什么:

List<int> results = new List<int>();
foreach(var num in collection)
{
    if (num % 2 != 0)
          results.Add(num);
}

这里，我们说:

创建一个结果集合 逐步检查集合中的每个数字 检查数字，如果是奇数，就把它加到结果中

另一方面，在声明式编程中，你写的代码描述了你想要的东西，但不一定是如何得到它(声明你想要的结果，但不是一步一步的):

var results = collection.Where( num => num % 2 != 0);

这里，我们说的是“把所有奇怪的东西都给我们”，而不是“遍历集合”。选中此项，如果为奇数，则将其添加到结果集合中。”

在许多情况下，代码也将是两种设计的混合，因此并不总是黑白分明的。

声明式与命令式

编程范式是计算机编程的一种基本风格。 主要有四种范式:命令式、声明式、函数式(被认为是声明式范式的子集)和面向对象的。

Declarative programming : is a programming paradigm that expresses the logic of a computation(What do) without describing its control flow(How do). Some well-known examples of declarative domain specific languages (DSLs) include CSS, regular expressions, and a subset of SQL (SELECT queries, for example) Many markup languages such as HTML, MXML, XAML, XSLT... are often declarative. The declarative programming try to blur the distinction between a program as a set of instructions and a program as an assertion about the desired answer.

命令式编程:是一种编程范式，它用改变程序状态的语句来描述计算。命令式程序可以被视为编程命令或数学断言。

函数式编程:是一种编程范式，它将计算视为数学函数的求值，并避免状态和可变数据。它强调函数的应用，而命令式编程风格强调状态的变化。 在纯函数式语言(如Haskell)中，所有函数都没有副作用，状态更改仅表示为转换状态的函数。

下面是MSDN中命令式编程的示例，循环遍历数字1到10，并找到偶数。

var numbersOneThroughTen = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
//With imperative programming, we'd step through this, and decide what we want:
var evenNumbers = new List<int>();
foreach (var number in numbersOneThroughTen)
{    if (number % 2 == 0)
    {
        evenNumbers.Add(number);
    }
}
//The following code uses declarative programming to accomplish the same thing.
// Here, we're saying "Give us everything where it's even"
var evenNumbers = numbersOneThroughTen.Where(number => number % 2 == 0);

这两个例子都产生了相同的结果，一个既不比另一个好也不比另一个差。第一个示例需要更多代码，但代码是可测试的，命令式方法让您完全控制实现细节。在第二个例子中，代码可以说更可读;然而，LINQ并不能让你控制幕后发生的事情。您必须相信LINQ将提供所请求的结果。