属性可以用两种方式声明。

为属性创建getter、setter方法，然后将这些方法作为参数传递给属性函数 使用@property装饰器。

你可以看看我写的一些关于python属性的例子。

第一部分很简单:

@property
def x(self): ...

和

def x(self): ...
x = property(x)

反过来，这是用于仅使用getter创建属性的简化语法。

下一步是使用setter和delete扩展此属性。这需要适当的方法:

@x.setter
def x(self, value): ...

返回一个新属性，它继承了旧x加上给定setter的所有内容。

X.deleter的工作方式相同。

文档说它只是创建只读属性的快捷方式。所以

@property
def x(self):
    return self._x

等于

def getx(self):
    return self._x
x = property(getx)

Property是@property装饰器后面的一个类。

你可以检查这个:

print(property) #<class 'property'>

我重写了help(property)中的示例，以显示@property语法

class C:
    def __init__(self):
        self._x=None

    @property 
    def x(self):
        return self._x

    @x.setter 
    def x(self, value):
        self._x = value

    @x.deleter
    def x(self):
        del self._x

c = C()
c.x="a"
print(c.x)

函数上与property()语法相同:

class C:
    def __init__(self):
        self._x=None

    def g(self):
        return self._x

    def s(self, v):
        self._x = v

    def d(self):
        del self._x

    prop = property(g,s,d)

c = C()
c.x="a"
print(c.x)

正如你所看到的，我们如何使用这块土地并没有什么不同。

要回答这个问题，@property decorator是通过属性类实现的。

问题是稍微解释一下属性类。 这条线:

prop = property(g,s,d)

是初始化。我们可以这样重写:

prop = property(fget=g,fset=s,fdel=d)

fget、fset、fdel的含义:

 |    fget
 |      function to be used for getting an attribute value
 |    fset
 |      function to be used for setting an attribute value
 |    fdel
 |      function to be used for del'ing an attribute
 |    doc
 |      docstring

下一张图片显示了我们拥有的三胞胎，来自class属性:

__get__， __set__和__delete__将被覆盖。这是Python中描述符模式的实现。

通常，描述符是具有“绑定行为”的对象属性，其属性访问已被描述符协议中的方法覆盖。

我们还可以使用属性setter、getter和delete方法将函数绑定到属性。请看下一个例子。类C的方法s2将属性设置为double。

class C:
    def __init__(self):
        self._x=None

    def g(self):
        return self._x

    def s(self, x):
        self._x = x

    def d(self):
        del self._x

    def s2(self,x):
        self._x=x+x


    x=property(g)
    x=x.setter(s)
    x=x.deleter(d)      


c = C()
c.x="a"
print(c.x) # outputs "a"

C.x=property(C.g, C.s2)
C.x=C.x.deleter(C.d)
c2 = C()
c2.x="a"
print(c2.x) # outputs "aa"

这之后:

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None

    @property
    def x(self):
        """I'm the 'x' property."""
        return self._x

    @x.setter
    def x(self, value):
        self._x = value

    @x.deleter
    def x(self):
        del self._x

等于:

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None

    def _x_get(self):
        return self._x

    def _x_set(self, value):
        self._x = value

    def _x_del(self):
        del self._x

    x = property(_x_get, _x_set, _x_del, 
                    "I'm the 'x' property.")

等于:

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None

    def _x_get(self):
        return self._x

    def _x_set(self, value):
        self._x = value

    def _x_del(self):
        del self._x

    x = property(_x_get, doc="I'm the 'x' property.")
    x = x.setter(_x_set)
    x = x.deleter(_x_del)

等于:

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None

    def _x_get(self):
        return self._x
    x = property(_x_get, doc="I'm the 'x' property.")

    def _x_set(self, value):
        self._x = value
    x = x.setter(_x_set)

    def _x_del(self):
        del self._x
    x = x.deleter(_x_del)

也就是:

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None

    @property
    def x(self):
        """I'm the 'x' property."""
        return self._x

    @x.setter
    def x(self, value):
        self._x = value

    @x.deleter
    def x(self):
        del self._x

下面是另一个例子:

##
## Python Properties Example
##
class GetterSetterExample( object ):
    ## Set the default value for x ( we reference it using self.x, set a value using self.x = value )
    __x = None


##
## On Class Initialization - do something... if we want..
##
def __init__( self ):
    ## Set a value to __x through the getter / setter... Since __x is defined above, this doesn't need to be set...
    self.x = 1234

    return None


##
## Define x as a property, ie a getter - All getters should have a default value arg, so I added it - it will not be passed in when setting a value, so you need to set the default here so it will be used..
##
@property
def x( self, _default = None ):
    ## I added an optional default value argument as all getters should have this - set it to the default value you want to return...
    _value = ( self.__x, _default )[ self.__x == None ]

    ## Debugging - so you can see the order the calls are made...
    print( '[ Test Class ] Get x = ' + str( _value ) )

    ## Return the value - we are a getter afterall...
    return _value


##
## Define the setter function for x...
##
@x.setter
def x( self, _value = None ):
    ## Debugging - so you can see the order the calls are made...
    print( '[ Test Class ] Set x = ' + str( _value ) )

    ## This is to show the setter function works.... If the value is above 0, set it to a negative value... otherwise keep it as is ( 0 is the only non-negative number, it can't be negative or positive anyway )
    if ( _value > 0 ):
        self.__x = -_value
    else:
        self.__x = _value


##
## Define the deleter function for x...
##
@x.deleter
def x( self ):
    ## Unload the assignment / data for x
    if ( self.__x != None ):
        del self.__x


##
## To String / Output Function for the class - this will show the property value for each property we add...
##
def __str__( self ):
    ## Output the x property data...
    print( '[ x ] ' + str( self.x ) )


    ## Return a new line - technically we should return a string so it can be printed where we want it, instead of printed early if _data = str( C( ) ) is used....
    return '\n'

##
##
##
_test = GetterSetterExample( )
print( _test )

## For some reason the deleter isn't being called...
del _test.x

基本上，与C(对象)的例子相同，除了我使用x代替…我也没有在__init中初始化-…嗯. .我有，但它可以被删除，因为__x被定义为类....的一部分

输出结果为:

[ Test Class ] Set x = 1234
[ Test Class ] Get x = -1234
[ x ] -1234

如果我注释掉自我。在init中X = 1234，那么输出是:

[ Test Class ] Get x = None
[ x ] None

如果我在getter函数中设置_default = None为_default = 0(因为所有getter都应该有一个默认值，但它不是通过我所看到的属性值传递进来的，所以你可以在这里定义它，它实际上并不坏，因为你可以定义默认一次，并在任何地方使用它)，即:def x(self， _default = 0):

[ Test Class ] Get x = 0
[ x ] 0

注意:getter逻辑的存在只是为了让值被它操纵，以确保它被它操纵——对于print语句也是如此……

Note: I'm used to Lua and being able to dynamically create 10+ helpers when I call a single function and I made something similar for Python without using properties and it works to a degree, but, even though the functions are being created before being used, there are still issues at times with them being called prior to being created which is strange as it isn't coded that way... I prefer the flexibility of Lua meta-tables and the fact I can use actual setters / getters instead of essentially directly accessing a variable... I do like how quickly some things can be built with Python though - for instance gui programs. although one I am designing may not be possible without a lot of additional libraries - if I code it in AutoHotkey I can directly access the dll calls I need, and the same can be done in Java, C#, C++, and more - maybe I haven't found the right thing yet but for that project I may switch from Python..

注意:在这个论坛的代码输出是坏的-我必须在代码的第一部分添加空格，以使其工作-当复制/粘贴时，确保您将所有空格转换为制表符....我在Python中使用制表符，因为在一个10,000行的文件中，空格的文件大小可以是512KB到1MB，制表符的文件大小可以是100到200KB，这相当于文件大小的巨大差异，并减少了处理时间……

标签也可以调整每个用户-所以如果你喜欢2个空间宽度，4,8或任何你可以做的，这意味着它是周到的开发人员与视力缺陷。

注意:类中定义的所有函数都没有缩进，因为论坛软件中的一个bug -如果复制/粘贴，请确保缩进