基本上，“断言为真”会通过，“断言为假”会失败。让我们看看这是如何工作的:

public static void main(String[] args)
{
    String s1 = "Hello";
    assert checkInteger(s1);
}

private static boolean checkInteger(String s)
{
    try {
        Integer.parseInt(s);
        return true;
    }
    catch(Exception e)
    {
        return false;
    }
}

一个真实的例子，来自一个stack类(来自Java文章中的断言)

public int pop() {
   // precondition
   assert !isEmpty() : "Stack is empty";
   return stack[--num];
}

断言用于检查后置条件和“永不失败”的前提条件。正确的代码应该永远不会使断言失败;当它们触发时，它们应该指出一个错误(希望是在接近问题的实际位置的地方)。

断言的一个例子可能是检查一组特定的方法是否以正确的顺序被调用(例如，在迭代器中hasNext()在next()之前被调用)。

断言(通过assert关键字)是在Java 1.4中添加的。它们用于验证代码中不变量的正确性。它们永远不应该在生产代码中触发，并且指示了代码路径的错误或误用。它们可以在运行时通过java命令上的-ea选项激活，但默认情况下不会打开。

一个例子:

public Foo acquireFoo(int id) {
  Foo result = null;
  if (id > 50) {
    result = fooService.read(id);
  } else {
    result = new Foo(id);
  }
  assert result != null;

  return result;
}

下面是我在Hibernate/SQL项目的服务器中编写的断言。一个实体bean有两个有效的布尔属性，称为isActive和isDefault。每个都可以有一个值“Y”或“N”或null，被视为“N”。我们希望确保浏览器客户端仅限于这三个值。所以，在这两个属性的setter中，我添加了这样的断言:

assert new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("Y", "N", null)).contains(value) : value;

注意以下几点。

This assertion is for the development phase only. If the client sends a bad value, we will catch that early and fix it, long before we reach production. Assertions are for defects that you can catch early. This assertion is slow and inefficient. That's okay. Assertions are free to be slow. We don't care because they're development-only tools. This won't slow down the production code because assertions will be disabled. (There's some disagreement on this point, which I'll get to later.) This leads to my next point. This assertion has no side effects. I could have tested my value against an unmodifiable static final Set, but that set would have stayed around in production, where it would never get used. This assertion exists to verify the proper operation of the client. So by the time we reach production, we will be sure that the client is operating properly, so we can safely turn the assertion off. Some people ask this: If the assertion isn't needed in production, why not just take them out when you're done? Because you'll still need them when you start working on the next version.

Some people have argued that you should never use assertions, because you can never be sure that all the bugs are gone, so you need to keep them around even in production. And so there's no point in using the assert statement, since the only advantage to asserts is that you can turn them off. Hence, according to this thinking, you should (almost) never use asserts. I disagree. It's certainly true that if a test belongs in production, you should not use an assert. But this test does not belong in production. This one is for catching a bug that's not likely to ever reach production, so it may safely be turned off when you're done.

顺便说一句，我可以这样写:

assert value == null || value.equals("Y") || value.equals("N") : value;

对于只有三个值是可以的，但是如果可能值的数量变大，HashSet版本就会变得更方便。我选择HashSet版本来说明我关于效率的观点。

总结一下(不仅仅是Java，很多语言都是如此):

“assert”主要被软件开发人员在调试过程中用作调试辅助。断言消息永远不会出现。许多语言提供了一个编译时选项，该选项将导致所有“断言”被忽略，用于生成“生产”代码。

"exceptions" are a handy way to handle all kinds of error conditions, whether or not they represent logic errors, because, if you run into an error-condition such that you cannot continue, you can simply "throw them up into the air," from wherever you are, expecting someone else out there to be ready to "catch" them. Control is transferred in one step, straight from the code that threw the exception, straight to the catcher's mitt. (And the catcher can see the complete backtrace of calls that had taken place.)

此外，该子例程的调用者不必检查子例程是否成功:“如果我们现在在这里，它一定成功了，因为否则它会抛出异常，我们现在就不会在这里!”这种简单的策略使得代码设计和调试变得非常非常容易。

异常方便地允许致命错误条件保持原样:“规则的异常”。而且，对于它们来说，由代码路径来处理，这也是“规则的例外……“高飞球!”