断言(通过assert关键字)是在Java 1.4中添加的。它们用于验证代码中不变量的正确性。它们永远不应该在生产代码中触发，并且指示了代码路径的错误或误用。它们可以在运行时通过java命令上的-ea选项激活，但默认情况下不会打开。

一个例子:

public Foo acquireFoo(int id) {
  Foo result = null;
  if (id > 50) {
    result = fooService.read(id);
  } else {
    result = new Foo(id);
  }
  assert result != null;

  return result;
}

基本上，“断言为真”会通过，“断言为假”会失败。让我们看看这是如何工作的:

public static void main(String[] args)
{
    String s1 = "Hello";
    assert checkInteger(s1);
}

private static boolean checkInteger(String s)
{
    try {
        Integer.parseInt(s);
        return true;
    }
    catch(Exception e)
    {
        return false;
    }
}

断言允许检测代码中的缺陷。您可以打开断言进行测试和调试，而在程序处于生产状态时关闭断言。

既然你知道它是真的，为什么还要坚持呢?只有当一切都正常工作时，这才是正确的。如果程序有一个缺陷，它实际上可能不是真的。在过程早期检测到这一点可以让您知道哪里出了问题。

assert语句包含此语句以及可选的String消息。

assert语句的语法有两种形式:

assert boolean_expression;
assert boolean_expression: error_message;

下面是一些基本规则，它们控制着断言应该在哪里使用，不应该在哪里使用。断言应该用于:

验证私有方法的输入参数。不是公共方法。当传递坏参数时，公共方法应该抛出常规异常。 在程序的任何地方来确保一个事实的有效性，而这个事实几乎肯定是正确的。

例如，如果你确定它只会是1或2，你可以使用这样的断言:

...
if (i == 1)    {
    ...
}
else if (i == 2)    {
    ...
} else {
    assert false : "cannot happen. i is " + i;
}
...

在任何方法结束时验证后置条件。这意味着，在执行业务逻辑之后，您可以使用断言来确保变量或结果的内部状态与您所期望的一致。例如，打开套接字或文件的方法可以在末尾使用断言来确保确实打开了套接字或文件。

断言不应该用于:

验证公共方法的输入参数。由于断言可能并不总是被执行，因此应该使用常规异常机制。 对用户输入的内容验证约束。同上。 不应用于副作用。

例如，这不是一个正确的用法，因为断言在这里被用于调用doSomething()方法的副作用。

public boolean doSomething() {
...    
}
public void someMethod() {       
assert doSomething(); 
}

唯一可以证明这一点的情况是，当你试图找出断言是否在你的代码中启用时:

boolean enabled = false;    
assert enabled = true;    
if (enabled) {
    System.out.println("Assertions are enabled");
} else {
    System.out.println("Assertions are disabled");
}

下面是我在Hibernate/SQL项目的服务器中编写的断言。一个实体bean有两个有效的布尔属性，称为isActive和isDefault。每个都可以有一个值“Y”或“N”或null，被视为“N”。我们希望确保浏览器客户端仅限于这三个值。所以，在这两个属性的setter中，我添加了这样的断言:

assert new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("Y", "N", null)).contains(value) : value;

注意以下几点。

This assertion is for the development phase only. If the client sends a bad value, we will catch that early and fix it, long before we reach production. Assertions are for defects that you can catch early. This assertion is slow and inefficient. That's okay. Assertions are free to be slow. We don't care because they're development-only tools. This won't slow down the production code because assertions will be disabled. (There's some disagreement on this point, which I'll get to later.) This leads to my next point. This assertion has no side effects. I could have tested my value against an unmodifiable static final Set, but that set would have stayed around in production, where it would never get used. This assertion exists to verify the proper operation of the client. So by the time we reach production, we will be sure that the client is operating properly, so we can safely turn the assertion off. Some people ask this: If the assertion isn't needed in production, why not just take them out when you're done? Because you'll still need them when you start working on the next version.

Some people have argued that you should never use assertions, because you can never be sure that all the bugs are gone, so you need to keep them around even in production. And so there's no point in using the assert statement, since the only advantage to asserts is that you can turn them off. Hence, according to this thinking, you should (almost) never use asserts. I disagree. It's certainly true that if a test belongs in production, you should not use an assert. But this test does not belong in production. This one is for catching a bug that's not likely to ever reach production, so it may safely be turned off when you're done.

顺便说一句，我可以这样写:

assert value == null || value.equals("Y") || value.equals("N") : value;

对于只有三个值是可以的，但是如果可能值的数量变大，HashSet版本就会变得更方便。我选择HashSet版本来说明我关于效率的观点。

一个真实的例子，来自一个stack类(来自Java文章中的断言)

public int pop() {
   // precondition
   assert !isEmpty() : "Stack is empty";
   return stack[--num];
}

断言主要用于调试应用程序，或者用于替换某些应用程序的异常处理，以检查应用程序的有效性。

断言在运行时工作。这里有一个简单的例子，可以非常简单地解释整个概念——assert关键字在Java中做什么?(WikiAnswers)。