类型实际上是一类 - 创建另一个类的类型. 大多数类型是类型的子类型. 类型接收新类作为其第一个论点,并提供到类对象的访问,如下所述的细节:

>>> class MetaClass(type):
...     def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
...         print ('class name: %s' %name )
...         print ('Defining class %s' %cls)
...         print('Bases %s: ' %bases)
...         print('Attributes')
...         for (name, value) in attrs.items():
...             print ('%s :%r' %(name, value))
... 

>>> class NewClass(object, metaclass=MetaClass):
...    get_choch='dairy'
... 
class name: NewClass
Bases <class 'object'>: 
Defining class <class 'NewClass'>
get_choch :'dairy'
__module__ :'builtins'
__qualname__ :'NewClass'

注:

请注意,课堂在任何时候都没有被暂停;创建课堂的简单行为引发了金属课堂的执行。

Metaclasses 是做“类”的工作的秘密酱油,新风格对象的默认 metaclass 被称为“类型”。

class type(object)
  |  type(object) -> the object's type
  |  type(name, bases, dict) -> a new type

Metaclasses 取 3 args. 'name', 'bases' 和 'dict'

查找这个例子类定义中的名称、基础和字符号来源于哪里。

class ThisIsTheName(Bases, Are, Here):
    All_the_code_here
    def doesIs(create, a):
        dict

def test_metaclass(name, bases, dict):
    print 'The Class Name is', name
    print 'The Class Bases are', bases
    print 'The dict has', len(dict), 'elems, the keys are', dict.keys()

    return "yellow"

class TestName(object, None, int, 1):
    __metaclass__ = test_metaclass
    foo = 1
    def baz(self, arr):
        pass

print 'TestName = ', repr(TestName)

# output => 
The Class Name is TestName
The Class Bases are (<type 'object'>, None, <type 'int'>, 1)
The dict has 4 elems, the keys are ['baz', '__module__', 'foo', '__metaclass__']
TestName =  'yellow'

现在,一个实际上意味着什么的例子,这将自动使列表中的变量“属性”设置在课堂上,并设置为无。

def init_attributes(name, bases, dict):
    if 'attributes' in dict:
        for attr in dict['attributes']:
            dict[attr] = None

    return type(name, bases, dict)

class Initialised(object):
    __metaclass__ = init_attributes
    attributes = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']

print 'foo =>', Initialised.foo
# output=>
foo => None

请注意,启动者获得的魔法行为是通过拥有金属类的 init_属性而没有转移到启动者的子类。

这里是一个更具体的例子,显示如何可以创建一个在创建一个类时执行一个行动的甲型类的“类型”。

class MetaSingleton(type):
    instance = None
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if cls.instance is None:
            cls.instance = super(MetaSingleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
        return cls.instance

class Foo(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaSingleton

a = Foo()
b = Foo()
assert a is b

一个用途是自动将新属性和方法添加到一个例子。

例如,如果你看 Django 模型,它们的定义看起来有点困惑。

class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)

然而,在工作时间里,人体对象充满了各种有用的方法。

我看到一个有趣的使用案例在一个名为类用途的包中,它检查是否所有类变量在顶部案例格式(方便有统一逻辑的配置类),并检查是否没有例子级方法在课堂上。

简而言之:一类是创建一个例子的图标,一类是创建一个类的图标,可以很容易地看到,在Python类中,也需要第一类对象才能实现这种行为。

我从来没有自己写过一个,但我认为在Django框架中可以看到最可爱的用途之一。模型类使用一个模型类的方法,以允许写新的模型或形式类的宣言风格。

剩下的就是:如果你不知道什么是金属玻璃,那么你不需要它们的可能性是99%。

甲特克拉斯(甲特克拉斯)是一类,讲述了(某些)其他类应该是如何形成的。

这是一个案例,我看到甲状腺作为解决我的问题:我有一个真正复杂的问题,可能可以是不同的解决,但我选择用甲状腺解决它。 由于复杂性,这是我写的几个模块之一,在模块上的评论超过了编写的代码的数量。

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Craig Phillips.  All rights reserved.

# This requires some explaining.  The point of this metaclass excercise is to
# create a static abstract class that is in one way or another, dormant until
# queried.  I experimented with creating a singlton on import, but that did
# not quite behave how I wanted it to.  See now here, we are creating a class
# called GsyncOptions, that on import, will do nothing except state that its
# class creator is GsyncOptionsType.  This means, docopt doesn't parse any
# of the help document, nor does it start processing command line options.
# So importing this module becomes really efficient.  The complicated bit
# comes from requiring the GsyncOptions class to be static.  By that, I mean
# any property on it, may or may not exist, since they are not statically
# defined; so I can't simply just define the class with a whole bunch of
# properties that are @property @staticmethods.
#
# So here's how it works:
#
# Executing 'from libgsync.options import GsyncOptions' does nothing more
# than load up this module, define the Type and the Class and import them
# into the callers namespace.  Simple.
#
# Invoking 'GsyncOptions.debug' for the first time, or any other property
# causes the __metaclass__ __getattr__ method to be called, since the class
# is not instantiated as a class instance yet.  The __getattr__ method on
# the type then initialises the class (GsyncOptions) via the __initialiseClass
# method.  This is the first and only time the class will actually have its
# dictionary statically populated.  The docopt module is invoked to parse the
# usage document and generate command line options from it.  These are then
# paired with their defaults and what's in sys.argv.  After all that, we
# setup some dynamic properties that could not be defined by their name in
# the usage, before everything is then transplanted onto the actual class
# object (or static class GsyncOptions).
#
# Another piece of magic, is to allow command line options to be set in
# in their native form and be translated into argparse style properties.
#
# Finally, the GsyncListOptions class is actually where the options are
# stored.  This only acts as a mechanism for storing options as lists, to
# allow aggregation of duplicate options or options that can be specified
# multiple times.  The __getattr__ call hides this by default, returning the
# last item in a property's list.  However, if the entire list is required,
# calling the 'list()' method on the GsyncOptions class, returns a reference
# to the GsyncListOptions class, which contains all of the same properties
# but as lists and without the duplication of having them as both lists and
# static singlton values.
#
# So this actually means that GsyncOptions is actually a static proxy class...
#
# ...And all this is neatly hidden within a closure for safe keeping.
def GetGsyncOptionsType():
    class GsyncListOptions(object):
        __initialised = False

    class GsyncOptionsType(type):
        def __initialiseClass(cls):
            if GsyncListOptions._GsyncListOptions__initialised: return

            from docopt import docopt
            from libgsync.options import doc
            from libgsync import __version__

            options = docopt(
                doc.__doc__ % __version__,
                version = __version__,
                options_first = True
            )

            paths = options.pop('<path>', None)
            setattr(cls, "destination_path", paths.pop() if paths else None)
            setattr(cls, "source_paths", paths)
            setattr(cls, "options", options)

            for k, v in options.iteritems():
                setattr(cls, k, v)

            GsyncListOptions._GsyncListOptions__initialised = True

        def list(cls):
            return GsyncListOptions

        def __getattr__(cls, name):
            cls.__initialiseClass()
            return getattr(GsyncListOptions, name)[-1]

        def __setattr__(cls, name, value):
            # Substitut option names: --an-option-name for an_option_name
            import re
            name = re.sub(r'^__', "", re.sub(r'-', "_", name))
            listvalue = []

            # Ensure value is converted to a list type for GsyncListOptions
            if isinstance(value, list):
                if value:
                    listvalue = [] + value
                else:
                    listvalue = [ None ]
            else:
                listvalue = [ value ]

            type.__setattr__(GsyncListOptions, name, listvalue)

    # Cleanup this module to prevent tinkering.
    import sys
    module = sys.modules[__name__]
    del module.__dict__['GetGsyncOptionsType']

    return GsyncOptionsType

# Our singlton abstract proxy class.
class GsyncOptions(object):
    __metaclass__ = GetGsyncOptionsType()