我更喜欢使用glob模块，因为它可以进行模式匹配和扩展。

import glob
print(glob.glob("/home/adam/*"))

它可以直观地进行模式匹配

import glob
# All files and directories ending with .txt and that don't begin with a dot:
print(glob.glob("/home/adam/*.txt")) 
# All files and directories ending with .txt with depth of 2 folders, ignoring names beginning with a dot:
print(glob.glob("/home/adam/*/*.txt")) 

它将返回一个包含查询文件和目录的列表：

['/home/adam/file1.txt', '/home/adam/file2.txt', .... ]

注意，glob忽略以点开头的文件和目录。，因为这些被认为是隐藏的文件和目录，除非模式类似于.*。

使用glob.escape转义不应该是模式的字符串：

print(glob.glob(glob.escape(directory_name) + "/*.txt"))

dircache是“自2.6版以来已弃用：Python 3.0中已删除dircache模块。”

import dircache
list = dircache.listdir(pathname)
i = 0
check = len(list[0])
temp = []
count = len(list)
while count != 0:
  if len(list[i]) != check:
     temp.append(list[i-1])
     check = len(list[i])
  else:
    i = i + 1
    count = count - 1

print temp

这是我的通用函数。它返回文件路径列表而不是文件名，因为我发现这更有用。它有几个可选的参数，使其具有通用性。例如，我经常将其与pattern=“*.txt”或subfolders=True等参数一起使用。

import os
import fnmatch

def list_paths(folder='.', pattern='*', case_sensitive=False, subfolders=False):
    """Return a list of the file paths matching the pattern in the specified 
    folder, optionally including files inside subfolders.
    """
    match = fnmatch.fnmatchcase if case_sensitive else fnmatch.fnmatch
    walked = os.walk(folder) if subfolders else [next(os.walk(folder))]
    return [os.path.join(root, f)
            for root, dirnames, filenames in walked
            for f in filenames if match(f, pattern)]

def list_files(path):
    # returns a list of names (with extension, without full path) of all files 
    # in folder path
    files = []
    for name in os.listdir(path):
        if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, name)):
            files.append(name)
    return files 

Python 3.4+的另一个非常可读的变体是使用pathlib.Path.glob：

from pathlib import Path
folder = '/foo'
[f for f in Path(folder).glob('*') if f.is_file()]

更具体一些很简单，例如，只在所有子目录中查找非符号链接的Python源文件：

[f for f in Path(folder).glob('**/*.py') if not f.is_symlink()]

仅获取文件列表（无子目录）的单行解决方案：

filenames = next(os.walk(path))[2]

或绝对路径名：

paths = [os.path.join(path, fn) for fn in next(os.walk(path))[2]]