我注意到下面的代码在Python中是合法的。我的问题是为什么?有什么特别的原因吗?

n = 5
while n != 0:
    print n
    n -= 1
else:
    print "what the..."

许多初学者在尝试在while或for循环中放入if/else块时无意中发现了这种语法,并且没有正确地缩进else。解决方案是确保else块与if块对齐,假设您打算对它们进行配对。这个问题解释了为什么它没有导致语法错误,以及产生的代码意味着什么。我还得到了一个IndentationError。我该怎么解决呢?,用于报告语法错误的情况。


当前回答

else子句只在while条件变为false时执行。如果跳出循环,或者引发异常,则不会执行该循环。

一种考虑它的方法是作为一个关于条件的if/else结构:

if condition:
    handle_true()
else:
    handle_false()

类似于循环结构:

while condition:
    handle_true()
else:
    # condition is false now, handle and go on with the rest of the program
    handle_false()

一个例子可能是:

while value < threshold:
    if not process_acceptable_value(value):
        # something went wrong, exit the loop; don't pass go, don't collect 200
        break
    value = update(value)
else:
    # value >= threshold; pass go, collect 200
    handle_threshold_reached()

其他回答

thing = 'hay'
while thing:
  if thing == 'needle':
    print('I found it!!')  # wrap up for break
    break
  thing = haystack.next()
else:
  print('I did not find it.')  # wrap up for no-break

可能不幸命名为else-子句的地方是您从循环耗尽中不间断地结束的地方。

你可以没有它,如果

你中断与return或raise→调用或尝试后的整个代码是你的不可中断的地方 你在while之前设置了默认值(例如found = False) 但它可能会隐藏else子句知道要避免的错误

如果您使用带有非平凡结束符的multi-break,那么您应该在break之前使用一个简单的赋值,对no-break使用一个else子句赋值,并使用If -elif-else或match-case来避免重复非平凡的break处理代码。

注:同样适用于thing in haystack:

As far as I know the main reason for adding else to loops in any language is in cases when the iterator is not on in your control. Imagine the iterator is on a server and you just give it a signal to fetch the next 100 records of data. You want the loop to go on as long as the length of the data received is 100. If it is less, you need it to go one more times and then end it. There are many other situations where you have no control over the last iteration. Having the option to add an else in these cases makes everything much easier.

如果while循环没有中断,则执行Else。

我有点喜欢用“跑步者”来比喻。

“else”就像越过终点线,与你是从赛道的起点还是终点出发无关。"else"只有当你在两者之间的某个地方中断时才不会执行。

runner_at = 0 # or 10 makes no difference, if unlucky_sector is not 0-10
unlucky_sector = 6
while runner_at < 10:
    print("Runner at: ", runner_at)
    if runner_at == unlucky_sector:
        print("Runner fell and broke his foot. Will not reach finish.")
        break
    runner_at += 1
else:
    print("Runner has finished the race!") # Not executed if runner broke his foot.

主要的用例是使用这种打破嵌套循环,或者如果你想只在循环没有在某处中断时运行某些语句(认为中断是一种不寻常的情况)。

例如,下面是一个关于如何在不使用变量或try/catch的情况下跳出内部循环的机制:

for i in [1,2,3]:
    for j in ['a', 'unlucky', 'c']:
        print(i, j)
        if j == 'unlucky':
            break
    else: 
        continue  # Only executed if inner loop didn't break.
    break         # This is only reached if inner loop 'breaked' out since continue didn't run. 

print("Finished")
# 1 a
# 1 b
# Finished

请允许我举例说明为什么要使用else子句。但是:

我的观点在Leo的回答中得到了更好的解释 我使用for-而不是while-循环,但else工作类似(除非遇到break,否则执行) 有更好的方法可以做到这一点(例如,将其包装到函数中或引发异常)

打破多级循环

它是这样工作的:外部循环在结尾有一个break,所以它只会执行一次。但是,如果内部循环完成(没有找到除数),那么它将到达else语句,并且永远不会到达外部断点。这样,内部循环中的中断将跳出两个循环,而不仅仅是一个循环。

for k in [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 25]:
    for m in range(2, 10):
        if k == m:
            continue
        print 'trying %s %% %s' % (k, m)
        if k % m == 0:
            print 'found a divisor: %d %% %d; breaking out of loop' % (k, m)
            break
    else:
        continue
    print 'breaking another level of loop'
    break
else:
    print 'no divisor could be found!'

假设要在单链表中搜索元素x

    def search(self, x):
        position = 1
        p =self.start
        while p is not None:
            if p.info == x:
                print(x, " is at position ", position)
                return True
            position += 1
            p = p.link
        else:
            print(x, "not found in list") 
            return False

因此,如果条件失败,其他将执行,希望它有助于!