基于jor的回答(这对我来说并不适用):

substring=$(expr "$filename" : '.*_\([^_]*\)_.*')

我的答案将对你想从字符串中得到什么有更多的控制。下面是如何从字符串中提取12345的代码

str="someletters_12345_moreleters.ext"
str=${str#*_}
str=${str%_more*}
echo $str

如果你想提取像abc这样的字符或像_或-这样的特殊字符，这样会更有效。例如:如果你的字符串是这样的，你想要someletters_之后和_moreleters之前的所有内容。ext:

str="someletters_123-45-24a&13b-1_moreleters.ext"

使用我的代码，您可以确切地说出您想要什么。 解释:

#*它将删除前面的字符串，包括匹配的键。这里我们提到的键是_ 它将删除以下字符串，包括匹配的键。这里我们提到的键是_more*

自己做一些实验，你会发现这很有趣。

遵循要求

我有一个文件名，x个字符，然后是5位数字 序列两侧分别用一个下划线包围 x个字符的集合。我想取一个5位数 把它代入一个变量。

我发现了一些可能有用的grep方法:

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Eo "[[:digit:]]+" 
12345

或更好的

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Eo "[[:digit:]]{5}" 
12345

然后使用-Po语法:

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Po '(?<=_)\d+' 
12345

或者如果你想让它正好适合5个字符:

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Po '(?<=_)\d{5}' 
12345

最后，要将它存储在一个变量中，只需要使用var=$(命令)语法。

也许这可以帮助你得到想要的输出

代码:

your_number=$(echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -E -o '[0-9]{5}')
echo $your_number

输出:

12345

如果有人想要更严格的信息，你也可以像这样在man bash中搜索

$ man bash [press return key]
/substring  [press return key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]

结果:

${parameter:offset}
       ${parameter:offset:length}
              Substring Expansion.  Expands to  up  to  length  characters  of
              parameter  starting  at  the  character specified by offset.  If
              length is omitted, expands to the substring of parameter  start‐
              ing at the character specified by offset.  length and offset are
              arithmetic expressions (see ARITHMETIC  EVALUATION  below).   If
              offset  evaluates  to a number less than zero, the value is used
              as an offset from the end of the value of parameter.  Arithmetic
              expressions  starting  with  a - must be separated by whitespace
              from the preceding : to be distinguished from  the  Use  Default
              Values  expansion.   If  length  evaluates to a number less than
              zero, and parameter is not @ and not an indexed  or  associative
              array,  it is interpreted as an offset from the end of the value
              of parameter rather than a number of characters, and the  expan‐
              sion is the characters between the two offsets.  If parameter is
              @, the result is length positional parameters beginning at  off‐
              set.   If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or
              *, the result is the length members of the array beginning  with
              ${parameter[offset]}.   A  negative  offset is taken relative to
              one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.  Sub‐
              string  expansion applied to an associative array produces unde‐
              fined results.  Note that a negative offset  must  be  separated
              from  the  colon  by  at least one space to avoid being confused
              with the :- expansion.  Substring indexing is zero-based  unless
              the  positional  parameters are used, in which case the indexing
              starts at 1 by default.  If offset  is  0,  and  the  positional
              parameters are used, $0 is prefixed to the list.

减少使用:

echo 'someletters_12345_moreleters.ext' | cut -d'_' -f 2

更通用的:

INPUT='someletters_12345_moreleters.ext'
SUBSTRING=$(echo $INPUT| cut -d'_' -f 2)
echo $SUBSTRING