专注于描述make目标的简单语法，并有一个干净的输出，我选择了以下方法:

help:
    @grep -B1 -E "^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+\:([^\=]|$$)" Makefile \
     | grep -v -- -- \
     | sed 'N;s/\n/###/' \
     | sed -n 's/^#: \(.*\)###\(.*\):.*/\2###\1/p' \
     | column -t  -s '###'


#: Starts the container stack
up: a b
  command

#: Pulls in new container images
pull: c d 
    another command

make-target-not-shown:

# this does not count as a description, so leaving
# your implementation comments alone, e.g TODOs
also-not-shown:

因此，将上面的文件作为Makefile来处理并运行它会给您带来类似于

> make help
up          Starts the container stack
pull        Pulls in new container images

命令链的解释:

First, grep all targets and their preceeding line, see https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/320709/223029. Then, get rid of the group separator, see https://stackoverflow.com/a/2168139/1242922. Then, we collapse each pair of lines to parse it later, see https://stackoverflow.com/a/9605559/1242922. Then, we parse for valid lines and remove those which do not match, see https://stackoverflow.com/a/8255627/1242922, and also give the output our desired order: command, then description. Lastly, we arrange the output like a table.

我把这两个答案结合起来:https://stackoverflow.com/a/9524878/86967和https://stackoverflow.com/a/7390874/86967 并做了一些转义，以便可以从makefile中使用。

.PHONY: no_targets__ list
no_targets__:
list:
    sh -c "$(MAKE) -p no_targets__ | awk -F':' '/^[a-zA-Z0-9][^\$$#\/\\t=]*:([^=]|$$)/ {split(\$$1,A,/ /);for(i in A)print A[i]}' | grep -v '__\$$' | sort"

.

$ make -s list
build
clean
default
distclean
doc
fresh
install
list
makefile ## this is kind of extraneous, but whatever...
run

这是对jsp非常有用的回答(https://stackoverflow.com/a/45843594/814145)的修改。我喜欢这个想法，不仅要得到目标的列表，还要得到他们的描述。jsp的Makefile将描述作为注释，我发现在目标的描述echo命令中经常会重复。因此，我从每个目标的echo命令中提取描述。

Makefile示例:

.PHONY: all
all: build
    : "same as 'make build'"

.PHONY: build
build:
    @echo "Build the project"

.PHONY: clean
clean:
    @echo "Clean the project"

.PHONY: help
help:
    @echo -n "Common make targets"
    @echo ":"
    @cat Makefile | sed -n '/^\.PHONY: / h; /\(^\t@*echo\|^\t:\)/ {H; x; /PHONY/ s/.PHONY: \(.*\)\n.*"\(.*\)"/    make \1\t\2/p; d; x}'| sort -k2,2 |expand -t 20

make help输出:

$ make help
Common make targets:
    make all        same as 'make build'
    make build      Build the project
    make clean      Clean the project
    make help       Common make targets

注:

与jsp的答案相同，只能列出PHONY目标，这可能适用于您的情况，也可能不适用 此外，它只列出那些有echo或:命令作为recipe的第一个命令的PHONY目标。:表示“什么都不做”。我在这里将它用于那些不需要回声的目标，比如上面所有的目标。 帮助目标还有一个额外的技巧，就是在make帮助输出中添加“:”。

这显然在很多情况下都不起作用，但如果你的Makefile是由CMake创建的，你可能可以运行make help。

$ make help
The following are some of the valid targets for this Makefile:
... all (the default if no target is provided)
... clean
... depend
... install
etc

要扩展@jsp给出的答案，甚至可以使用$(eval)函数计算帮助文本中的变量。

下面提议的版本增强了以下属性:

将扫描任何生成文件(甚至包括在内) 是否会在帮助注释中引用扩展活动变量 为真实目标添加文档锚(前缀为# TARGETDOC:) 添加列标头

所以要记录，请使用这种形式:

RANDOM_VARIABLE := this will be expanded in help text

.PHONY: target1 # Target 1 help with $(RANDOM_VARIABLE)
target1: deps
    [... target 1 build commands]

# TARGETDOC: $(BUILDDIR)/real-file.txt # real-file.txt help text
$(BUILDDIR)/real-file.txt:
    [... $(BUILDDIR)/real-file.txt build commands]

然后，在你的makefile文件的某处:

.PHONY: help # Generate list of targets with descriptions
help:
    @# find all help in targets and .PHONY and evaluate the embedded variables
    $(eval doc_expanded := $(shell grep -E -h '^(.PHONY:|# TARGETDOC:) .* #' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | sed -E -n 's/(\.PHONY|# TARGETDOC): (.*) # (.*)/\2  \3\\n/'p | expand -t40))
    @echo
    @echo ' TARGET   HELP' | expand -t40
    @echo ' ------   ----' | expand -t40
    @echo -e ' $(doc_expanded)'

在Bash下(至少)，这可以通过制表符自动完成:

可我会spacetabtab