请参见MDN中的示例。

如果你需要定义多个error(在这里测试代码!):

function createErrorType(name, initFunction) {
    function E(message) {
        this.message = message;
        if (Error.captureStackTrace)
            Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);
        else
            this.stack = (new Error()).stack;
        initFunction && initFunction.apply(this, arguments);
    }
    E.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
    E.prototype.name = name;
    E.prototype.constructor = E;
    return E;
}
var InvalidStateError = createErrorType(
    'InvalidStateError',
    function (invalidState, acceptedStates) {
        this.message = 'The state ' + invalidState + ' is invalid. Expected ' + acceptedStates + '.';
    });

var error = new InvalidStateError('foo', 'bar or baz');
function assert(condition) { if (!condition) throw new Error(); }
assert(error.message);
assert(error instanceof InvalidStateError);  
assert(error instanceof Error); 
assert(error.name == 'InvalidStateError');
assert(error.stack);
error.message;

在JavaScript中，什么是扩展错误的好方法?

你可以实现你自己的异常和它们的处理，例如:

// define exceptions "classes" 
function NotNumberException() {}
function NotPositiveNumberException() {}

// try some code
try {
    // some function/code that can throw
    if (isNaN(value))
        throw new NotNumberException();
    else
    if (value < 0)
        throw new NotPositiveNumberException();
}
catch (e) {
    if (e instanceof NotNumberException) {
        alert("not a number");
    }
    else
    if (e instanceof NotPositiveNumberException) {
        alert("not a positive number");
    }
}

还有另一种捕获类型化异常的语法，尽管这并不适用于所有浏览器(例如不是在IE中):

// define exceptions "classes" 
function NotNumberException() {}
function NotPositiveNumberException() {}

// try some code
try {
    // some function/code that can throw
    if (isNaN(value))
        throw new NotNumberException();
    else
    if (value < 0)
        throw new NotPositiveNumberException();
}
catch (e if e instanceof NotNumberException) {
    alert("not a number");
}
catch (e if e instanceof NotPositiveNumberException) {
    alert("not a positive number");
}

从WebReference:

throw { 
  name:        "System Error", 
  level:       "Show Stopper", 
  message:     "Error detected. Please contact the system administrator.", 
  htmlMessage: "Error detected. Please contact the <a href=\"mailto:sysadmin@acme-widgets.com\">system administrator</a>.",
  toString:    function(){return this.name + ": " + this.message;} 
}; 

ES6

使用新的类和扩展关键字，现在更容易:

class CustomError extends Error {
  constructor(message) {
    super(message);
    //something
  }
}

你应该创建一个扩展Error的自定义异常:

class InvalidArgumentException extends Error {
  constructor(message) {
    super(message);
    this.name = this.constructor.name;
  }
}

注意:设置this.name是. tostring()和.stack打印InvalidArgumentException而不是Error所必需的。

对于旧的Javascript环境，你可以做原型继承:

function InvalidArgumentException(message) {
    this.message = message;
    // Use V8's native method if available, otherwise fallback
    if ("captureStackTrace" in Error)
        Error.captureStackTrace(this, InvalidArgumentException);
    else
        this.stack = (new Error()).stack;
}

InvalidArgumentException.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
InvalidArgumentException.prototype.name = "InvalidArgumentException";
InvalidArgumentException.prototype.constructor = InvalidArgumentException;

这基本上是一个简化版本的disfated与增强堆栈跟踪工作在Firefox和其他浏览器。

两者都满足所有这些测试:

用法:

throw new InvalidArgumentException();
var err = new InvalidArgumentException("Not yet...");

它的行为是预期的:

err instanceof InvalidArgumentException          // -> true
err instanceof Error                             // -> true
InvalidArgumentException.prototype.isPrototypeOf(err) // -> true
Error.prototype.isPrototypeOf(err)               // -> true
err.constructor.name                             // -> InvalidArgumentException
err.name                                         // -> InvalidArgumentException
err.message                                      // -> Not yet...
err.toString()                                   // -> InvalidArgumentException: Not yet...
err.stack                                        // -> works fine!

用于ES2015类的asselin答案的替代方案

class InvalidArgumentException extends Error {
    constructor(message) {
        super();
        Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);
        this.name = "InvalidArgumentException";
        this.message = message;
    }
}