尽管C语言“接近”于对8位、16位、32位和64位数据的低级操作，但仍有一些C语言不支持的数学操作通常可以在某些汇编指令集中优雅地执行:

Fixed-point multiplication: The product of two 16-bit numbers is a 32-bit number. But the rules in C says that the product of two 16-bit numbers is a 16-bit number, and the product of two 32-bit numbers is a 32-bit number -- the bottom half in both cases. If you want the top half of a 16x16 multiply or a 32x32 multiply, you have to play games with the compiler. The general method is to cast to a larger-than-necessary bit width, multiply, shift down, and cast back: int16_t x, y; // int16_t is a typedef for "short" // set x and y to something int16_t prod = (int16_t)(((int32_t)x*y)>>16);` In this case the compiler may be smart enough to know that you're really just trying to get the top half of a 16x16 multiply and do the right thing with the machine's native 16x16multiply. Or it may be stupid and require a library call to do the 32x32 multiply that's way overkill because you only need 16 bits of the product -- but the C standard doesn't give you any way to express yourself. Certain bitshifting operations (rotation/carries): // 256-bit array shifted right in its entirety: uint8_t x[32]; for (int i = 32; --i > 0; ) { x[i] = (x[i] >> 1) | (x[i-1] << 7); } x[0] >>= 1; This is not too inelegant in C, but again, unless the compiler is smart enough to realize what you are doing, it's going to do a lot of "unnecessary" work. Many assembly instruction sets allow you to rotate or shift left/right with the result in the carry register, so you could accomplish the above in 34 instructions: load a pointer to the beginning of the array, clear the carry, and perform 32 8-bit right-shifts, using auto-increment on the pointer. For another example, there are linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) that are elegantly performed in assembly: Take a chunk of N bits (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc), shift the whole thing right by 1 (see above algorithm), then if the resulting carry is 1 then you XOR in a bit pattern that represents the polynomial.

尽管如此，除非有严重的性能限制，否则我不会求助于这些技术。正如其他人所说，汇编代码比C代码更难记录/调试/测试/维护:性能的提高伴随着一些严重的代价。

编辑:3。溢出检测在汇编中是可能的(在C中不能真正做到)，这使得一些算法更容易。

简短的回答吗?有时。

从技术上讲，每一个抽象都有成本，而编程语言是CPU如何工作的抽象。然而C非常接近。几年前，我记得当我登录UNIX帐户并收到以下财富信息时(当时这种东西很流行)，我笑出声来:

C程序设计语言——A 语言结合了 汇编语言的灵活性 汇编语言的强大。

这很有趣，因为这是真的:C就像可移植的汇编语言。

值得注意的是，汇编语言无论如何编写都可以运行。然而，在C语言和它生成的汇编语言之间有一个编译器，这是非常重要的，因为你的C代码有多快与你的编译器有多好有很大关系。

当gcc出现时，它如此受欢迎的原因之一是它通常比许多商业UNIX版本附带的C编译器要好得多。它不仅是ANSI C(没有任何K&R C的垃圾)，更健壮，通常能产生更好(更快)的代码。不是总是，而是经常。

我告诉你这一切是因为没有关于C和汇编器速度的统一规则，因为C没有客观的标准。

同样地，汇编程序也会根据你正在运行的处理器、你的系统规格、你正在使用的指令集等而有很大的不同。历史上有两个CPU体系结构家族:CISC和RISC。CISC中最大的玩家过去是，现在仍然是Intel x86架构(和指令集)。RISC主宰了UNIX世界(MIPS6000、Alpha、Sparc等等)。CISC赢得了民心之战。

不管怎样，当我还是一个年轻的开发人员时，流行的观点是，手写的x86通常比C快得多，因为架构的工作方式，它的复杂性受益于人类的操作。另一方面，RISC似乎是为编译器设计的，所以没有人(我知道)写Sparc汇编器。我相信这样的人确实存在，但毫无疑问，他们现在都疯了，被送进了精神病院。

指令集是一个重要的点，即使在同一家族的处理器。某些英特尔处理器具有SSE到SSE4等扩展。AMD有他们自己的SIMD指令。像C这样的编程语言的好处是，人们可以编写他们的库，以便对您运行的任何处理器进行优化。这在汇编程序中是一项艰苦的工作。

你仍然可以在汇编程序中做一些编译器无法做的优化，一个编写良好的汇编程序算法将会和它的C等效程序一样快或更快。更大的问题是:这样做值得吗?

Ultimately though assembler was a product of its time and was more popular at a time when CPU cycles were expensive. Nowadays a CPU that costs $5-10 to manufacture (Intel Atom) can do pretty much anything anyone could want. The only real reason to write assembler these days is for low level things like some parts of an operating system (even so the vast majority of the Linux kernel is written in C), device drivers, possibly embedded devices (although C tends to dominate there too) and so on. Or just for kicks (which is somewhat masochistic).

我不能给出具体的例子，因为那是很多年前的事情了，但是在很多情况下，手工编写的汇编程序可以胜过任何编译器。原因:

您可以偏离调用约定，在寄存器中传递参数。 您可以仔细考虑如何使用寄存器，避免将变量存储在内存中。 对于跳转表之类的东西，可以避免检查索引的边界。

基本上，编译器在优化方面做得很好，这几乎总是“足够好”，但在某些情况下(如图形渲染)，你要为每一个周期付出高昂的代价，你可以走捷径，因为你知道代码，而编译器不能，因为它必须在安全的方面。

事实上，我听说过一些图形渲染代码，其中一个例程，如直线绘制或多边形填充例程，实际上在堆栈上生成了一小块机器代码并在那里执行，以避免关于线条样式、宽度、模式等的连续决策。

也就是说，我想让编译器为我生成好的汇编代码，但又不太聪明，它们通常都是这样做的。事实上，我讨厌Fortran的一个原因是它为了“优化”而打乱代码，通常没有什么重要的目的。

通常，当应用程序出现性能问题时，都是由于浪费的设计造成的。这些天，我永远不会推荐汇编程序的性能，除非整个应用程序已经在它的生命周期内进行了调优，仍然不够快，并且把所有的时间都花在了紧凑的内部循环中。

补充:我见过很多用汇编语言编写的应用程序，与C、Pascal、Fortran等语言相比，汇编语言的主要速度优势是因为程序员在用汇编语言编码时要谨慎得多。他或她每天要写大约100行代码，不管哪种语言，在编译器语言中，这将等于3或400条指令。

如果您没有查看编译器生成的内容的反汇编，您实际上无法知道编写良好的C代码是否真的很快。很多时候你会发现“写得好”是主观的。

因此，没有必要用汇编程序来获得最快的代码，但出于同样的原因，了解汇编程序当然是值得的。

我已经阅读了所有的答案(超过30个)，并没有找到一个简单的原因:如果你读过并练习过Intel®64和IA-32架构优化参考手册，汇编程序比C更快，所以汇编程序可能更慢的原因是编写这种慢汇编程序的人没有阅读优化手册。

In the good old days of Intel 80286, each instruction was executed at a fixed count of CPU cycles. Still, since Pentium Pro, released in 1995, Intel processors became superscalar, utilizing Complex Pipelining: Out-of-Order Execution & Register Renaming. Before that, on Pentium, produced in 1993, there were U and V pipelines. Therefore, Pentium introduced dual pipelines that could execute two simple instructions at one clock cycle if they didn't depend on one another. However, this was nothing compared with the Out-of-Order Execution & Register Renaming that appeared in Pentium Pro. This approach introduced in Pentium Pro is practically the same nowadays on most recent Intel processors.

Let me explain the Out-of-Order Execution in a few words. The fastest code is where instructions do not depend on previous results, e.g., you should always clear whole registers (by movzx) to remove dependency from previous values of the registers you are working with, so they may be renamed internally by the CPU to allow instruction execute in parallel or in a different order. Or, on some processors, false dependency may exist that may also slow things down, like false dependency on Pentium 4 for inc/dec, so you may wish to use add eax, 1 instead or inc eax to remove dependency on the previous state of the flags.

如果时间允许，您可以阅读更多无序执行和注册重命名。因特网上有大量的信息。

There are also many other essential issues like branch prediction, number of load and store units, number of gates that execute micro-ops, memory cache coherence protocols, etc., but the crucial thing to consider is the Out-of-Order Execution. Most people are simply not aware of the Out-of-Order Execution. Therefore, they write their assembly programs like for 80286, expecting their instructions will take a fixed time to execute regardless of the context. At the same time, C compilers are aware of the Out-of-Order Execution and generate the code correctly. That's why the code of such uninformed people is slower, but if you become knowledgeable, your code will be faster.

除了乱序执行之外，还有很多优化技巧和技巧。请阅读上面提到的优化手册:-)

However, assembly language has its own drawbacks when it comes to optimization. According to Peter Cordes (see the comment below), some of the optimizations compilers do would be unmaintainable for large code-bases in hand-written assembly. For example, suppose you write in assembly. In that case, you need to completely change an inline function (an assembly macro) when it inlines into a function that calls it with some arguments being constants. At the same time, a C compiler makes its job a lot simpler—and inlining the same code in different ways into different call sites. There is a limit to what you can do with assembly macros. So to get the same benefit, you'd have to manually optimize the same logic in each place to match the constants and available registers you have.

GCC已经成为广泛使用的编译器。它的优化通常不是很好。比编写汇编程序的普通程序员好得多，但就实际性能而言，并没有那么好。有些编译器产生的代码简直令人难以置信。所以一般来说，有很多地方你可以进入编译器的输出，调整汇编器的性能，和/或简单地从头重写例程。