我可以在Swift库中看到这些定义:
extension Bool : BooleanLiteralConvertible {
static func convertFromBooleanLiteral(value: Bool) -> Bool
}
protocol BooleanLiteralConvertible {
typealias BooleanLiteralType
class func convertFromBooleanLiteral(value: BooleanLiteralType) -> Self
}
定义为静态func的成员函数和定义为类func的成员函数之间有什么区别?是不是简单地说,static是用于结构体和枚举的静态函数,class是用于类和协议?还有其他不同之处吗?在语法本身中有这种区别的基本原理是什么?
我在操场上做了一些实验,得到了一些结论。
博士TL;
如您所见,在类的情况下,使用类func还是静态func只是一个习惯问题。
游乐场的例子,并附有解释:
class Dog {
final func identity() -> String {
return "Once a woofer, forever a woofer!"
}
class func talk() -> String {
return "Woof woof!"
}
static func eat() -> String {
return "Miam miam"
}
func sleep() -> String {
return "Zzz"
}
}
class Bulldog: Dog {
// Can not override a final function
// override final func identity() -> String {
// return "I'm once a dog but now I'm a cat"
// }
// Can not override a "class func", but redeclare is ok
func talk() -> String {
return "I'm a bulldog, and I don't woof."
}
// Same as "class func"
func eat() -> String {
return "I'm a bulldog, and I don't eat."
}
// Normal function can be overridden
override func sleep() -> String {
return "I'm a bulldog, and I don't sleep."
}
}
let dog = Dog()
let bullDog = Bulldog()
// FINAL FUNC
//print(Dog.identity()) // compile error
print(dog.identity()) // print "Once a woofer, forever a woofer!"
//print(Bulldog.identity()) // compile error
print(bullDog.identity()) // print "Once a woofer, forever a woofer!"
// => "final func" is just a "normal" one but prevented to be overridden nor redeclared by subclasses.
// CLASS FUNC
print(Dog.talk()) // print "Woof woof!", called directly from class
//print(dog.talk()) // compile error cause "class func" is meant to be called directly from class, not an instance.
print(Bulldog.talk()) // print "Woof woof!" cause it's called from Bulldog class, not bullDog instance.
print(bullDog.talk()) // print "I'm a bulldog, and I don't woof." cause talk() is redeclared and it's called from bullDig instance
// => "class func" is like a "static" one, must be called directly from class or subclassed, can be redeclared but NOT meant to be overridden.
// STATIC FUNC
print(Dog.eat()) // print "Miam miam"
//print(dog.eat()) // compile error cause "static func" is type method
print(Bulldog.eat()) // print "Miam miam"
print(bullDog.eat()) // print "I'm a bulldog, and I don't eat."
// NORMAL FUNC
//print(Dog.sleep()) // compile error
print(dog.sleep()) // print "Zzz"
//print(Bulldog.sleep()) // compile error
print(bullDog.sleep()) // print "I'm a bulldog, and I don't sleep."
是不是简单地说,static是用于结构体和枚举的静态函数,class是用于类和协议?
这是主要的区别。其他一些不同之处在于类函数是动态分派的,并且可以被子类覆盖。
协议使用class关键字,但它不排除实现协议的结构,而是使用static。Class是为协议选择的,这样就不需要第三个关键字来表示静态或类。
下面是克里斯·拉特纳对这个话题的看法:
我们考虑统一语法(例如使用“type”作为关键字),但这实际上并不能简化事情。关键字“类”和“静态”有助于熟悉并具有相当的描述性(一旦您理解了+方法的工作方式),并为潜在地向类添加真正的静态方法打开了大门。这个模型的主要奇怪之处在于协议必须选择一个关键字(我们选择了“类”),但总的来说,这是正确的权衡。
下面是一个片段,展示了类函数的一些重写行为:
class MyClass {
class func myFunc() {
println("myClass")
}
}
class MyOtherClass: MyClass {
override class func myFunc() {
println("myOtherClass")
}
}
var x: MyClass = MyOtherClass()
x.dynamicType.myFunc() //myOtherClass
x = MyClass()
x.dynamicType.myFunc() //myClass
static和class关键字都允许我们将方法附加到类而不是类的实例。例如,您可以创建一个具有名称和年龄等属性的Student类,然后创建一个静态方法numberOfStudents,该方法由Student类本身而不是单个实例拥有。
静态和类的不同之处在于它们支持继承的方式。当你创建一个静态方法时,它被类拥有,不能被子类改变,而当你使用类时,它可能会在需要时被覆盖。
下面是一个示例代码:
class Vehicle {
static func getCurrentSpeed() -> Int {
return 0
}
class func getCurrentNumberOfPassengers() -> Int {
return 0
}
}
class Bicycle: Vehicle {
//This is not allowed
//Compiler error: "Cannot override static method"
//static override func getCurrentSpeed() -> Int {
//return 15
//}
class override func getCurrentNumberOfPassengers() -> Int {
return 1
}
}