因此，我正在为学校阅读单例模式，教授们策划了一份关于该主题的当前观点和最佳实践的列表。似乎有一个共识，即如果构建时不向代码中添加任何内容，则可以使用单例。如果您使单例使用可以被开启和关闭，并且除了工作负载之外没有其他副作用，那么使用这种设计模式是安全的，也是可取的。

将特定的基础设施关注点配置为单例或全局变量是非常实用的。我最喜欢的例子是依赖注入框架，它使用单例作为框架的连接点。

在这种情况下，您将依赖于基础设施来简化库的使用并避免不必要的复杂性。

Singleton pattern is the most pervasive pattern in the Spring containerization approach. If we look at that in terms of architectural primitives - they form a blackboard graph of objects, to which every thread can read and write. They do the dramatic act of synchronizing between multiple threads. The very reason why multiple threads need to synchronize is because there are always resources that underlie a computational program, over which contention might occur. Consider what is called a 'last seat problem'. A flight is being booked, but there are multiple ways to do it. For simplicity lets assume that the data about the flight occupancy is stored in a flat file rather than a database. Now, if there are two threads, each functionally different (i.e represented by different endpoints in the webapp) and let one of these threads A, be the thread which a prospective passenger uses to make a booking and the other one B is which a flight manager uses to close the booking - virtually closing the boarding door. Then, if these threads do not use singleton, the flight object would be detached from the real resource out-there, which we say not the actual aeroplane but the entry in the flat file. The A thread would have reference to an object, while the passenger is still fighting a dilemma whether to fly or not and then finally when he makes up his mind, the B thread would already have closed the door. But the object referenced by the A thread would still show one more seat to go. Now, cutting out the RDBMS due to our initial assumption, the system would write a ticket for the passenger and issue it to him eventhough the boarding is closed. Now, in a singleton implementation, the moment the theread B accesses the system, the universal object Flight is updated with status closed. Hence, if the passenger finally makes up his mind and clicks confirm, he would get an error right away. All this would not have been possible without the singleton. Hence, singleton allows you to stay close to the resources and avoids thread contention.

共享资源。特别是在PHP中，数据库类、模板类和全局变量库类。所有这些都必须由代码中使用的所有模块/类共享。

这是一个真正的对象使用——>模板类包含正在构建的页面模板，它被添加到页面输出的模块塑造、添加、更改。它必须保持为单个实例，这样才能实现这一点，数据库也是如此。使用共享数据库单例，所有模块的类都可以访问查询，并且无需重新运行查询。

全局变量仓库单例为您提供了一个全局的、可靠的、易于使用的变量仓库。它极大地整理了你的代码。想象一下，所有配置值都在一个单例数组中，如下所示:

美元gb - > problem[’hostname’]

或者将所有的语言值放在一个数组中，比如:

gb - >朗(“ENTER_USER”)

在运行页面代码的最后，你会得到，比如说，一个现在成熟的:

美元的模板

Singleton，一个$gb的Singleton，其中有lang数组用于替换，所有输出都已加载并准备就绪。您只需将它们替换为现在在成熟模板对象的页面值中呈现的键，然后将其提供给用户。

这样做的最大好处是你可以对任何东西做任何你喜欢的后期处理。您可以将所有语言值输送到谷歌translate或其他翻译服务，并将它们返回，并将它们替换到它们的位置，例如，已翻译。或者，您可以根据需要替换页面结构或内容字符串。

因此，我正在为学校阅读单例模式，教授们策划了一份关于该主题的当前观点和最佳实践的列表。似乎有一个共识，即如果构建时不向代码中添加任何内容，则可以使用单例。如果您使单例使用可以被开启和关闭，并且除了工作负载之外没有其他副作用，那么使用这种设计模式是安全的，也是可取的。

首先，让我们区分一下单对象和单对象。后者是前者的许多可能实现之一。而且单对象的问题与单例的问题是不同的。单对象本身并不坏，有时是做事情的唯一方法。简而言之:

单对象-我只需要程序中对象的一个实例 Singleton -创建一个带有静态字段的类。添加一个返回此字段的静态方法。在第一次调用时惰性地实例化一个字段。总是返回相同的对象。

public class Singleton {
    private static Singleton instance;

    private Singleton() {}

    public static Singleton instance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new Singleton();
        }
        return instance;
    }
}

如您所见，规范形式的“单例”模式对测试不是很友好。不过，这个问题很容易解决:只要让Singleton实现一个接口。让我们称它为“可测试单例”:)

public class Singleton implements ISingleton {
    private static Singleton instance;

    private Singleton() {}

    public static ISingleton instance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new Singleton();
        }
        return instance;
    }
}

现在我们可以模拟Singleton了，因为我们通过接口来使用它。其中一项索赔消失了。让我们看看是否可以去掉另一个声明-共享全局状态。

如果我们剥离单例模式，它的核心是惰性初始化:

public static ISingleton instance() {
    if (instance == null) {
        instance = new Singleton();
    }
    return instance;
}

这就是它存在的全部原因。这就是单对象模式。我们把它拿走，放到工厂方法中，例如:

public class SingletonFactory {
    private static ISingleton instance;

    // Knock-knock. Single Object here
    public static ISingleton simpleSingleton() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new Singleton();
        }
        return instance;
    }
}

与我们的可测试单例有什么不同?没有，因为这是单对象模式的本质——不管你是把它实现为单例、工厂方法还是服务定位器。你仍然有一些共享的全局状态。如果从多个线程访问它，这可能会成为一个问题。您将不得不使simpleSingleton()同步并处理所有多线程问题。

再说一遍:无论你选择什么方法，你都必须付出单一对象的代价。使用依赖注入容器只是将复杂性转移到框架，它将不得不处理单对象的固有问题。

回顾:

Most of people who mention Singleton mean Single Object One of the popular ways to implement it is the Singleton pattern It has its flaws that can be mitigated However, the most of Singleton's complexity roots in Single Object's complexity Regardless of how you instantiate your Single Object, it's still there, be it a Service Locator, a Factory Method or something else You can shift the complexity to a DI container which is (hopefully) well-tested Sometimes using the DI container is cumbersome - imagine injecting a LOGGER to every class