openssl允许通过单个命令（-newkey）生成自签名证书指示生成私钥，-x509指示发出自签名证书而不是签名请求）：：

openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 \
-keyout my.key -passout pass:123456 -out my.crt \
-days 365 \
-subj /CN=localhost/O=home/C=US/emailAddress=me@mail.internal \
-addext "subjectAltName = DNS:localhost,DNS:web.internal,email:me@mail.internal" \
-addext keyUsage=digitalSignature -addext extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth

您可以在单独的步骤中生成私钥和构造自签名证书：

openssl genrsa -out my.key -passout pass:123456 2048

openssl req -x509 \
-key my.key -passin pass:123456 -out my.csr \
-days 3650 \
-subj /CN=localhost/O=home/C=US/emailAddress=me@mail.internal \
-addext "subjectAltName = DNS:localhost,DNS:web.internal,email:me@mail.internal" \
-addext keyUsage=digitalSignature -addext extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth

查看生成的证书：

openssl x509 -text -noout -in my.crt

Java keytool创建PKCS#12存储：：

keytool -genkeypair -keystore my.p12 -alias master \
-storetype pkcs12 -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 3650 \
-storepass 123456 \
-dname "CN=localhost,O=home,C=US" \
-ext 'san=dns:localhost,dns:web.internal,email:me@mail.internal'

要导出自签名证书，请执行以下操作：

keytool -exportcert -keystore my.p12 -file my.crt \
-alias master -rfc -storepass 123456

查看生成的证书：

keytool -printcert -file my.crt

GnuTLS的certtool不允许从CLI传递不同的属性。我不喜欢乱搞配置文件((

这个非常简单的Python应用程序创建了一个自签名证书。代码：

from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
from secrets import randbelow
print("Please know, if you make a mistake, you must restart the program.")
def cert_gen(
    emailAddress=input("Enter Email Address: "),
    commonName=input("Enter Common Name: "),
    countryName=input("Enter Country Name (2 characters): "),
    localityName=input("Enter Locality Name: "),
    stateOrProvinceName=input("Enter State of Province Name: "),
    organizationName=input("Enter Organization Name: "),
    organizationUnitName=input("Enter Organization Unit Name: "),
    serialNumber=randbelow(1000000),
    validityStartInSeconds=0,
    validityEndInSeconds=10*365*24*60*60,
    KEY_FILE = "private.key",
    CERT_FILE="selfsigned.crt"):
    #can look at generated file using openssl:
    #openssl x509 -inform pem -in selfsigned.crt -noout -text
    # create a key pair
    k = crypto.PKey()
    k.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 4096)
    # create a self-signed cert
    cert = crypto.X509()
    cert.get_subject().C = countryName
    cert.get_subject().ST = stateOrProvinceName
    cert.get_subject().L = localityName
    cert.get_subject().O = organizationName
    cert.get_subject().OU = organizationUnitName
    cert.get_subject().CN = commonName
    cert.get_subject().emailAddress = emailAddress
    cert.set_serial_number(serialNumber)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(validityEndInSeconds)
    cert.set_issuer(cert.get_subject())
    cert.set_pubkey(k)
    cert.sign(k, 'sha512')
    with open(CERT_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert).decode("utf-8"))
    with open(KEY_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, k).decode("utf-8"))
    print("GENERATED")
    input("Press enter to close program.")
cert_gen()

但是，您仍然会收到“证书不受信任”错误。这是因为以下几个原因：

它是自签名/未验证的（验证的证书需要CA（证书颁发机构），如Let's Encrypt，以便在所有设备上都受信任）。您的计算机上不信任它。（此答案显示了如何使Windows信任您的证书）。

这是我在本地箱上使用的脚本，用于在自签名证书中设置SAN（subjectAltName）。

此脚本采用域名（example.com）并在同一证书中为*.example.com和example.com生成SAN。对以下各节进行了评论。为脚本命名（例如generatessl.sh）并赋予其可执行权限。文件将被写入与脚本相同的目录。

Chrome 58及更高版本要求在自签名证书中设置SAN。

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Set the TLD domain we want to use
BASE_DOMAIN="example.com"

# Days for the cert to live
DAYS=1095

# A blank passphrase
PASSPHRASE=""

# Generated configuration file
CONFIG_FILE="config.txt"

cat > $CONFIG_FILE <<-EOF
[req]
default_bits = 2048
prompt = no
default_md = sha256
x509_extensions = v3_req
distinguished_name = dn

[dn]
C = CA
ST = BC
L = Vancouver
O = Example Corp
OU = Testing Domain
emailAddress = webmaster@$BASE_DOMAIN
CN = $BASE_DOMAIN

[v3_req]
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[alt_names]
DNS.1 = *.$BASE_DOMAIN
DNS.2 = $BASE_DOMAIN
EOF

# The file name can be anything
FILE_NAME="$BASE_DOMAIN"

# Remove previous keys
echo "Removing existing certs like $FILE_NAME.*"
chmod 770 $FILE_NAME.*
rm $FILE_NAME.*

echo "Generating certs for $BASE_DOMAIN"

# Generate our Private Key, CSR and Certificate
# Use SHA-2 as SHA-1 is unsupported from Jan 1, 2017

openssl req -new -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -nodes -keyout "$FILE_NAME.key" -days $DAYS -out "$FILE_NAME.crt" -passin pass:$PASSPHRASE -config "$CONFIG_FILE"

# OPTIONAL - write an info to see the details of the generated crt
openssl x509 -noout -fingerprint -text < "$FILE_NAME.crt" > "$FILE_NAME.info"

# Protect the key
chmod 400 "$FILE_NAME.key"

该脚本还编写了一个信息文件，因此您可以检查新证书并验证SAN设置是否正确。

                ...
                28:dd:b8:1e:34:b5:b1:44:1a:60:6d:e3:3c:5a:c4:
                da:3d
            Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
    X509v3 extensions:
        X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: 
            DNS:*.example.com, DNS:example.com
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
     3b:35:5a:d6:9e:92:4f:fc:f4:f4:87:78:cd:c7:8d:cd:8c:cc:
     ...

如果您使用的是Apache，则可以在配置文件中引用上述证书，如下所示：

<VirtualHost _default_:443>
    ServerName example.com
    ServerAlias www.example.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/htdocs

    SSLEngine on
    SSLCertificateFile path/to/your/example.com.crt
    SSLCertificateKeyFile path/to/your/example.com.key
</VirtualHost>

请记住重新启动Apache（或Nginx或IIS）服务器以使新证书生效。

现代浏览器现在如果缺少SAN（Subject Alternate Name），则会为格式良好的自签名证书抛出安全错误。OpenSSL没有提供命令行方式来指定这一点，因此许多开发人员的教程和书签突然过时了。

重新运行的最快方法是一个简短的独立conf文件：

创建OpenSSL配置文件（示例：req.cnf）[要求]distinguished_name=请求分类名称x509_extensions=v3_reqprompt=否[请求分配名称]C=我们ST=VAL=SomeCityO=我的公司OU=我的部门CN=www.company.com[v3_req]keyUsage=关键，数字签名，密钥协议extendedKeyUsage=服务器身份验证subjectAltName=@alt_names[备选名称]DNS.1=www.company.comDNS.2=公司网站DNS.3=公司网创建引用此配置文件的证书openssl req-x509-节点-天730-新密钥rsa：2048\-keyout cert.key-out cert.pem-config req.cnf-sha256

来自的配置示例https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX135602

我建议添加-sha256参数，以使用SHA-2哈希算法，因为主要浏览器正在考虑将“SHA-1证书”显示为不安全。

来自已接受答案的同一命令行-@diegows，添加了-sha256

openssl req-x509-sha256-newkey rsa：2048-keyout key.pem-out cert.pem-天XXX

更多信息请访问谷歌安全博客。

2018年5月更新。正如许多人在评论中指出的那样，使用SHA-2不会为自签名证书添加任何安全性。但我仍然建议使用它作为一个好习惯，不要使用过时/不安全的加密哈希函数。在“为什么最终实体证书之上的证书可以基于SHA-1？”中提供了完整的解释？。

这对我有用

openssl req -x509 -nodes -subj '/CN=localhost'  -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout ./sslcert/key.pem -out ./sslcert/cert.pem -days 365

服务器.js

var fs = require('fs');
var path = require('path');
var http = require('http');
var https = require('https');
var compression = require('compression');
var express = require('express');
var app = express();

app.use(compression());
app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/www'));    

app.get('/*', function(req,res) {
  res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname+'/www/index.html'));
});

// your express configuration here

var httpServer = http.createServer(app);
var credentials = {
    key: fs.readFileSync('./sslcert/key.pem', 'utf8'),
    cert: fs.readFileSync('./sslcert/cert.pem', 'utf8')
};
var httpsServer = https.createServer(credentials, app);

httpServer.listen(8080);
httpsServer.listen(8443);

console.log(`RUNNING ON  http://127.0.0.1:8080`);
console.log(`RUNNING ON  http://127.0.0.1:8443`);