在经历了大量的尝试和各种解决方案之后，我仍然面临这样一个问题：为localhost颁发自签名证书会给我带来错误

错误证书无效

在扩展细节时，chrome表示：

您现在无法访问localhost，因为网站已发送加密凭据。。。

唯一难看的方式是键入（直接在这个屏幕上，没有看到文本的任何光标）：

（在键盘上键入）这是安全的

这让我继续。

直到我找到extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth，clientAuth

TL；博士

openssl genrsa-out localhost.key 2048openssl req-key localhost.key-new-out localhost.csr（单击输入所有内容，然后用localhost或其他FQDN填写通用名称（CN）。将以下内容放入名为v3.ext的文件中（根据需要进行编辑）：

subjectKeyIdentifier   = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer:always
basicConstraints       = CA:TRUE
keyUsage               = digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyEncipherment, dataEncipherment, keyAgreement, keyCertSign
extendedKeyUsage       = serverAuth, clientAuth
subjectAltName         = DNS:localhost, DNS:localhost.localdomain
issuerAltName          = issuer:copy

openssl x509-req-in localhost.csr-signkey localhost.key-out localhost.pem-days 3650-sha256-extfile v3.ext

瞧！您可以访问网站，展开“高级”，然后单击“转到本地主机（不安全）”。

我不能评论，所以我补充了一个单独的答案。我试图为NGINX创建一个自签名证书，这很简单，但当我想将其添加到Chrome白名单时，我遇到了一个问题。我的解决方案是创建一个根证书并用它签署一个子证书。

所以一步一步。创建文件config_ssl_c.cnf注意，配置文件有一个选项basicConstraints=CA:true，这意味着该证书应该是根证书。

这是一个很好的做法，因为您只需创建一次即可重复使用。

[ req ]
default_bits = 2048

prompt = no
distinguished_name=req_distinguished_name
req_extensions = v3_req

[ req_distinguished_name ]
countryName=UA
stateOrProvinceName=root region
localityName=root city
organizationName=Market(localhost)
organizationalUnitName=roote department
commonName=market.localhost
emailAddress=root_email@root.localhost

[ alternate_names ]
DNS.1        = market.localhost
DNS.2        = www.market.localhost
DNS.3        = mail.market.localhost
DNS.4        = ftp.market.localhost
DNS.5        = *.market.localhost

[ v3_req ]
keyUsage=digitalSignature
basicConstraints=CA:true
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
subjectAltName = @alternate_names

子证书的下一个配置文件将调用config_ssl.cnf。

[ req ]
default_bits = 2048

prompt = no
distinguished_name=req_distinguished_name
req_extensions = v3_req

[ req_distinguished_name ]
countryName=UA
stateOrProvinceName=Kyiv region
localityName=Kyiv
organizationName=market place
organizationalUnitName=market place department
commonName=market.localhost
emailAddress=email@market.localhost

[ alternate_names ]
DNS.1        = market.localhost
DNS.2        = www.market.localhost
DNS.3        = mail.market.localhost
DNS.4        = ftp.market.localhost
DNS.5        = *.market.localhost

[ v3_req ]
keyUsage=digitalSignature
basicConstraints=CA:false
subjectAltName = @alternate_names
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash

第一步-创建根密钥和证书

openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
openssl req -new -x509 -key ca.key -out ca.crt -days 365 -config config_ssl_ca.cnf

第二步创建子密钥和文件CSR-证书签名请求。因为这样做的目的是通过root签名子证书并获得正确的证书

openssl genrsa -out market.key 2048
openssl req -new -sha256 -key market.key -config config_ssl.cnf -out market.csr

打开Linux终端并执行以下命令

echo 00 > ca.srl
touch index.txt

ca.srl文本文件包含下一个要使用的十六进制序列号。强制性的此文件必须存在并包含有效的序列号。

最后一步，再创建一个配置文件，并将其命名为config_ca.cnf

# we use 'ca' as the default section because we're usign the ca command
[ ca ]
default_ca = my_ca

[ my_ca ]
#  a text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory.
#  This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
serial = ./ca.srl

# the text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present though
# initially it will be empty.
database = ./index.txt

# specifies the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
new_certs_dir = ./

# the file containing the CA certificate. Mandatory
certificate = ./ca.crt

# the file contaning the CA private key. Mandatory
private_key = ./ca.key

# the message digest algorithm. Remember to not use MD5
default_md = sha256

# for how many days will the signed certificate be valid
default_days = 365

# a section with a set of variables corresponding to DN fields
policy = my_policy

# MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THIS CONFIG
copy_extensions = copy

[ my_policy ]
# if the value is "match" then the field value must match the same field in the
# CA certificate. If the value is "supplied" then it must be present.
# Optional means it may be present. Any fields not mentioned are silently
# deleted.
countryName = match
stateOrProvinceName = supplied
organizationName = supplied
commonName = market.localhost
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied

您可能会问，为什么这么难，为什么我们必须再创建一个配置来按根签名子证书。答案很简单，因为子证书必须具有SAN块-主题替代名称。如果我们使用“openssl x509”utils对子证书进行签名，则根证书将删除子证书中的SAN字段。因此，我们使用“opensslca”而不是“opensslx509”来避免删除SAN字段。我们创建一个新的配置文件，并告诉它复制所有扩展字段copy_extensions=copy。

openssl ca -config config_ca.cnf -out market.crt -in market.csr

该程序会问您两个问题：

签署证书？说“Y”1个证书请求中有1个已认证，是否提交？说“Y”

在终端中，您可以看到一个带有单词“Database”的句子，它表示您通过命令“touch”创建的文件index.txt。它将包含由“openssl-ca”util创建的所有证书的所有信息。要检查证书的有效性，请使用：

openssl rsa -in market.key -check

如果您想查看CRT中的内容：

openssl x509 -in market.crt -text -noout

如果您想了解CSR的内部内容：

openssl req -in market.csr -noout -text 

这对我有用

openssl req -x509 -nodes -subj '/CN=localhost'  -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout ./sslcert/key.pem -out ./sslcert/cert.pem -days 365

服务器.js

var fs = require('fs');
var path = require('path');
var http = require('http');
var https = require('https');
var compression = require('compression');
var express = require('express');
var app = express();

app.use(compression());
app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/www'));    

app.get('/*', function(req,res) {
  res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname+'/www/index.html'));
});

// your express configuration here

var httpServer = http.createServer(app);
var credentials = {
    key: fs.readFileSync('./sslcert/key.pem', 'utf8'),
    cert: fs.readFileSync('./sslcert/cert.pem', 'utf8')
};
var httpsServer = https.createServer(credentials, app);

httpServer.listen(8080);
httpsServer.listen(8443);

console.log(`RUNNING ON  http://127.0.0.1:8080`);
console.log(`RUNNING ON  http://127.0.0.1:8443`);

我不能评论，所以我将把这作为一个单独的答案。我发现了一些公认的单线回答的问题：

一行代码在密钥中包含一个口令。一行程序使用SHA-1，在许多浏览器中，SHA-1会在控制台中抛出警告。

下面是一个简化版本，它删除了密码短语，提高了安全性以抑制警告，并在注释中包含了一个建议，即传递-subj以删除完整的问题列表：

openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048
openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key
openssl req -sha256 -new -key server.key -out server.csr -subj '/CN=localhost'
openssl x509 -req -sha256 -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt

将“localhost”替换为所需的任何域。您需要逐个运行前两个命令，因为OpenSSL将提示输入密码短语。

要将两者合并为.pem文件，请执行以下操作：

cat server.crt server.key > cert.pem

生成10年无密码和证书的密钥，短方法：

openssl req  -x509 -nodes -new  -keyout server.key -out server.crt -days 3650 -subj "/C=/ST=/L=/O=/OU=web/CN=www.server.com"

对于标志-subj |，允许使用subject空值-subj“/C=/ST=/L=/O=/OU=web/CN=www.server.com”，但可以根据需要设置更多详细信息：

C-国家名称（2字母代码）ST-状态L-地点名称（如城市）O-组织名称OU-组织单位名称CN-通用名称-必填！

这个非常简单的Python应用程序创建了一个自签名证书。代码：

from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
from secrets import randbelow
print("Please know, if you make a mistake, you must restart the program.")
def cert_gen(
    emailAddress=input("Enter Email Address: "),
    commonName=input("Enter Common Name: "),
    countryName=input("Enter Country Name (2 characters): "),
    localityName=input("Enter Locality Name: "),
    stateOrProvinceName=input("Enter State of Province Name: "),
    organizationName=input("Enter Organization Name: "),
    organizationUnitName=input("Enter Organization Unit Name: "),
    serialNumber=randbelow(1000000),
    validityStartInSeconds=0,
    validityEndInSeconds=10*365*24*60*60,
    KEY_FILE = "private.key",
    CERT_FILE="selfsigned.crt"):
    #can look at generated file using openssl:
    #openssl x509 -inform pem -in selfsigned.crt -noout -text
    # create a key pair
    k = crypto.PKey()
    k.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 4096)
    # create a self-signed cert
    cert = crypto.X509()
    cert.get_subject().C = countryName
    cert.get_subject().ST = stateOrProvinceName
    cert.get_subject().L = localityName
    cert.get_subject().O = organizationName
    cert.get_subject().OU = organizationUnitName
    cert.get_subject().CN = commonName
    cert.get_subject().emailAddress = emailAddress
    cert.set_serial_number(serialNumber)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(validityEndInSeconds)
    cert.set_issuer(cert.get_subject())
    cert.set_pubkey(k)
    cert.sign(k, 'sha512')
    with open(CERT_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert).decode("utf-8"))
    with open(KEY_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, k).decode("utf-8"))
    print("GENERATED")
    input("Press enter to close program.")
cert_gen()

但是，您仍然会收到“证书不受信任”错误。这是因为以下几个原因：

它是自签名/未验证的（验证的证书需要CA（证书颁发机构），如Let's Encrypt，以便在所有设备上都受信任）。您的计算机上不信任它。（此答案显示了如何使Windows信任您的证书）。