你可以创建这样一个函数:

def similar(w1, w2):
    w1 = w1 + ' ' * (len(w2) - len(w1))
    w2 = w2 + ' ' * (len(w1) - len(w2))
    return sum(1 if i == j else 0 for i, j in zip(w1, w2)) / float(len(w1))

你可以创建这样一个函数:

def similar(w1, w2):
    w1 = w1 + ' ' * (len(w2) - len(w1))
    w2 = w2 + ' ' * (len(w1) - len(w2))
    return sum(1 if i == j else 0 for i, j in zip(w1, w2)) / float(len(w1))

内置的SequenceMatcher在大输入时非常慢，下面是如何用diff-match-patch完成的:

from diff_match_patch import diff_match_patch

def compute_similarity_and_diff(text1, text2):
    dmp = diff_match_patch()
    dmp.Diff_Timeout = 0.0
    diff = dmp.diff_main(text1, text2, False)

    # similarity
    common_text = sum([len(txt) for op, txt in diff if op == 0])
    text_length = max(len(text1), len(text2))
    sim = common_text / text_length

    return sim, diff

这是内置的。

from difflib import SequenceMatcher

def similar(a, b):
    return SequenceMatcher(None, a, b).ratio()

使用它:

>>> similar("Apple","Appel")
0.8
>>> similar("Apple","Mango")
0.0

如上所述，有许多指标可以定义字符串之间的相似性和距离。我将给出我的5美分，通过展示一个Jaccard与Q-Grams相似的例子和一个编辑距离的例子。

库

from nltk.metrics.distance import jaccard_distance
from nltk.util import ngrams
from nltk.metrics.distance  import edit_distance

Jaccard相似

1-jaccard_distance(set(ngrams('Apple', 2)), set(ngrams('Appel', 2)))

我们得到:

0.33333333333333337

还有苹果和芒果

1-jaccard_distance(set(ngrams('Apple', 2)), set(ngrams('Mango', 2)))

我们得到:

0.0

编辑距离

edit_distance('Apple', 'Appel')

我们得到:

2

最后,

edit_distance('Apple', 'Mango')

我们得到:

5

q - grams上的余弦相似度(q=2)

另一个解决方案是使用textdistance库。我将提供一个余弦相似度的例子

import textdistance
1-textdistance.Cosine(qval=2).distance('Apple', 'Appel')

我们得到:

0.5

注意,difflib。SequenceMatcher只找到最长的连续匹配子序列，这通常不是我们想要的，例如:

>>> a1 = "Apple"
>>> a2 = "Appel"
>>> a1 *= 50
>>> a2 *= 50
>>> SequenceMatcher(None, a1, a2).ratio()
0.012  # very low
>>> SequenceMatcher(None, a1, a2).get_matching_blocks()
[Match(a=0, b=0, size=3), Match(a=250, b=250, size=0)]  # only the first block is recorded

寻找两个字符串之间的相似性与生物信息学中成对序列比对的概念密切相关。有许多专门的库，包括生物马拉松。这个例子实现了Needleman Wunsch算法:

>>> from Bio.Align import PairwiseAligner
>>> aligner = PairwiseAligner()
>>> aligner.score(a1, a2)
200.0
>>> aligner.algorithm
'Needleman-Wunsch'

使用biopython或其他生物信息学包比python标准库的任何部分都更灵活，因为有许多不同的评分方案和算法可用。此外，你可以得到匹配的序列来可视化正在发生的事情:

>>> alignment = next(aligner.align(a1, a2))
>>> alignment.score
200.0
>>> print(alignment)
Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-
|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-
App-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-el