单元测试告诉开发人员代码的工作是正确的;功能测试告诉开发人员代码正在做正确的事情。

你可以在单元测试与功能测试中阅读更多内容

单元测试和功能测试在现实生活中的类比可以描述如下:

Many times the development of a system is likened to the building of a house. While this analogy isn't quite correct, we can extend it for the purposes of understanding the difference between unit and functional tests. Unit testing is analogous to a building inspector visiting a house's construction site. He is focused on the various internal systems of the house, the foundation, framing, electrical, plumbing, and so on. He ensures (tests) that the parts of the house will work correctly and safely, that is, meet the building code. Functional tests in this scenario are analogous to the homeowner visiting this same construction site. He assumes that the internal systems will behave appropriately, that the building inspector is performing his task. The homeowner is focused on what it will be like to live in this house. He is concerned with how the house looks, are the various rooms a comfortable size, does the house fit the family's needs, are the windows in a good spot to catch the morning sun. The homeowner is performing functional tests on the house. He has the user's perspective. The building inspector is performing unit tests on the house. He has the builder's perspective.

总结一下，

单元测试是从程序员的角度编写的。它们用于确保类的特定方法(或单元)执行一组特定的任务。

功能测试是从用户的角度编写的。它们确保系统按照用户的期望运行。

在Rails中，单元文件夹用于保存模型的测试，功能文件夹用于保存控制器的测试，集成文件夹用于保存涉及任意数量的控制器交互的测试。fixture是一种组织测试数据的方法;它们驻留在fixture文件夹中。test_helper。Rb文件保存测试的默认配置。 你可以参观一下。

我认为它是这样的:单元测试确定代码执行了您希望代码执行的操作(例如，您想要添加参数A和b，实际上是将它们相加，而不是减去它们)，功能测试测试所有代码一起工作以获得正确的结果，因此您希望代码执行的操作实际上在系统中获得了正确的结果。

“功能测试”并不意味着测试代码中的函数(方法)。一般来说，这意味着您正在测试系统功能——当我在命令行上运行foo file.txt时，file.txt中的行可能会颠倒过来。相反，单个单元测试通常包含单个方法的单个情况——length(“hello”)应该返回5,length(“hi”)应该返回2。

另请参阅IBM关于单元测试和功能测试之间界限的论述。

根据ISTQB的说法，这两者没有可比性。功能测试不是集成测试。

单元测试是测试级别的一种，功能测试是测试的一种。

基本上:

一个系统(或组件)的功能是“它做什么”。这是 通常在需求规范中描述的是功能性的 规范，或者用例。

而

组件测试，也称为单元、模块和程序测试， 查找软件的缺陷，并验证软件的功能 (例如模块、程序、对象、类等)，它们是分开的 可测试的。

根据ISTQB，组件/单元测试可以是功能性或非功能性:

组件测试可能包括功能测试和特定的非功能特征，如资源行为(例如内存泄漏)、性能或健壮性测试，以及结构测试(例如决策覆盖率)。

引用自软件测试基础- ISTQB认证

测试类型

Unit testing - In Procedural programming unit is a procedure, in Object oriented programming unit is a class. Unit is isolated and reflects a developer perspective Functional testing - more than Unit. User perspective, which describes a feature, use case, story... Integration testing - check if all separately developed components work together. It can be other application, service, library, database, network etc. Narrow integration test - double[About] is used. The main purpose is to check if component is configured in a right way Broad integration test (End to End test, System test) - live version. The main purpose is to check if all components are configured in a right way UI testing - checks if user input triggers a correct action and the UI is changed when some actions are happened ... Non functional testing - other cases Performance testing - calculate a speed and other metrics Usability testing - UX ...

(iOS测试) (安卓系统测试)