private void f(Button b, final int a[]) {

    b.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {

        @Override
        public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {
            a[0] = a[0] * 5;

        }
    });
}

在Java中，变量不仅可以作为参数，还可以作为类级字段，例如

public class Test
{
 public final int a = 3;

或者作为一个局部变量

public static void main(String[] args)
{
 final int a = 3;

如果希望访问和修改匿名类中的变量，则可能希望将该变量设置为外围类中的类级变量。

public class Test
{
 public int a;
 public void doSomething()
 {
  Runnable runnable =
   new Runnable()
   {
    public void run()
    {
     System.out.println(a);
     a = a+1;
    }
   };
 }
}

你不能把一个变量作为final，然后给它一个新值。Final的意思就是:值是不可改变的和Final的。

由于它是最终的，Java可以安全地将其复制到本地匿名类。你没有得到对int的引用(特别是因为你在Java中不能有对int这样的原语的引用，只能引用对象)。

它只是将a的值复制到一个隐式int，在匿名类中称为a。

正如注释中提到的，其中一些在Java 8中变得无关紧要，在Java 8中final可以是隐式的。但是，只有有效的final变量才能用于匿名内部类或lambda表达式。

这主要是由于Java管理闭包的方式。

When you create an instance of an anonymous inner class, any variables which are used within that class have their values copied in via the autogenerated constructor. This avoids the compiler having to autogenerate various extra types to hold the logical state of the "local variables", as for example the C# compiler does... (When C# captures a variable in an anonymous function, it really captures the variable - the closure can update the variable in a way which is seen by the main body of the method, and vice versa.)

As the value has been copied into the instance of the anonymous inner class, it would look odd if the variable could be modified by the rest of the method - you could have code which appeared to be working with an out-of-date variable (because that's effectively what would be happening... you'd be working with a copy taken at a different time). Likewise if you could make changes within the anonymous inner class, developers might expect those changes to be visible within the body of the enclosing method.

Making the variable final removes all these possibilities - as the value can't be changed at all, you don't need to worry about whether such changes will be visible. The only ways to allow the method and the anonymous inner class see each other's changes is to use a mutable type of some description. This could be the enclosing class itself, an array, a mutable wrapper type... anything like that. Basically it's a bit like communicating between one method and another: changes made to the parameters of one method aren't seen by its caller, but changes made to the objects referred to by the parameters are seen.

如果您对Java和c#闭包之间更详细的比较感兴趣，我有一篇文章对此进行了进一步的讨论。在这个答案中，我想专注于Java方面:)

访问被限制为局部final变量的原因是，如果所有的局部变量都是可访问的，那么它们首先需要被复制到一个单独的部分，在那里内部类可以访问它们，并且维护可变局部变量的多个副本可能会导致数据不一致。而final变量是不可变的，因此任何数量的拷贝都不会对数据的一致性产生任何影响。

要理解这种限制的基本原理，请考虑以下程序:

public class Program {

    interface Interface {
        public void printInteger();
    }
    static Interface interfaceInstance = null;

    static void initialize(int val) {
        class Impl implements Interface {
            @Override
            public void printInteger() {
                System.out.println(val);
            }
        }
        interfaceInstance = new Impl();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        initialize(12345);
        interfaceInstance.printInteger();
    }
}

The interfaceInstance remains in memory after the initialize method returns, but the parameter val does not. The JVM can’t access a local variable outside its scope, so Java makes the subsequent call to printInteger work by copying the value of val to an implicit field of the same name within interfaceInstance. The interfaceInstance is said to have captured the value of the local parameter. If the parameter weren’t final (or effectively final) its value could change, becoming out of sync with the captured value, potentially causing unintuitive behavior.

有一个技巧允许匿名类在外部作用域中更新数据。

private void f(Button b, final int a) {
    final int[] res = new int[1];
    b.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {
            res[0] = a * 5;
        }
    });

    // But at this point handler is most likely not executed yet!
    // How should we now res[0] is ready?
}

然而，由于同步问题，这个技巧不是很好。如果处理程序稍后被调用，你需要1)同步访问res，如果处理程序从不同的线程调用2)需要有某种标志或指示res被更新

但是，如果匿名类在同一个线程中立即被调用，这个技巧就可以工作。如:

// ...

final int[] res = new int[1];
Runnable r = new Runnable() { public void run() { res[0] = 123; } };
r.run();
System.out.println(res[0]);

// ...